Augustus Saint-Gaudens

Master Sculptor and Designer of America’s Most Beautiful Gold Coins

Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1848–1907) was one of America’s greatest sculptors and medalists. Best known in the numismatic world for designing the legendary $20 Saint-Gaudens Double Eagle and the $10 Indian Head Eagle, his artistic vision transformed American coinage and helped elevate it to the level of fine art.

At the request of President Theodore Roosevelt, Saint-Gaudens redesigned the nation’s gold coinage in the early 1900s. His designs remain among the most admired coins ever produced by the United States Mint and are considered masterpieces of American numismatic history.

Early Life

Augustus Saint-Gaudens was born on March 1, 1848, in Dublin, Ireland. When he was only six months old, his family immigrated to New York City, where he grew up.

At the age of 13, he began apprenticing as a cameo cutter while studying art in the evenings. His exceptional talent eventually took him to Paris, where he attended the prestigious École des Beaux-Arts, before continuing his studies in Rome.

A Celebrated American Sculptor

Before designing coins, Saint-Gaudens had already become America’s premier sculptor.

Among his best-known works are:

• Farragut Memorial (New York City)
• Robert Gould Shaw Memorial (Boston)
• Abraham Lincoln: The Man (Chicago)
• General Sherman Monument (New York City)
• Adams Memorial (Washington, D.C.)

His sculptures combined realism, elegance, and classical design, helping define the American Renaissance movement.

Theodore Roosevelt’s “Beautiful Coinage” Project

In the early 1900s, President Theodore Roosevelt believed that American coins lacked artistic beauty compared to the ancient Greek and Roman coins he admired.

He personally selected Augustus Saint-Gaudens to redesign America’s gold coinage.

Despite battling cancer during the project, Saint-Gaudens worked tirelessly to produce designs that reflected strength, freedom, and the ideals of the United States. His work fundamentally changed the appearance of American coinage.

The $20 Saint-Gaudens Double Eagle

Introduced in 1907, the $20 Saint-Gaudens Double Eagle is widely regarded as the most beautiful coin ever issued by the United States Mint.

The obverse features:

• Lady Liberty striding forward
• A torch representing enlightenment
• An olive branch symbolizing peace
• Flowing classical robes
• The U.S. Capitol in the background
• Rays of the rising sun

The reverse depicts a majestic flying eagle above the rising sun.

Because of its artistic excellence, collectors, historians, and numismatists often consider it the pinnacle of American coin design.

The $10 Indian Head Eagle

Saint-Gaudens also designed the $10 Indian Head Eagle, first issued in 1907.

Unlike earlier Liberty Head designs, this coin featured:

• A portrait of Liberty wearing a Native American-inspired feathered headdress
• A standing eagle on the reverse

Its bold appearance represented a significant departure from previous U.S. coinage and remains one of the most iconic American gold coin designs.

Artistic Legacy

Saint-Gaudens believed that coins should be miniature works of art rather than merely instruments of commerce.

His influence extended well beyond numismatics, inspiring generations of sculptors, engravers, and coin designers. Many modern commemorative coins still draw inspiration from his classical style.

Why Augustus Saint-Gaudens Matters

His impact on American numismatics includes:

• Designing the famous $20 Saint-Gaudens Double Eagle
• Designing the $10 Indian Head Eagle
• Elevating U.S. coinage to world-class artistic standards
• Influencing generations of coin designers
• Helping establish the artistic identity of modern American coinage

More than a century after his death, his gold coin designs remain among the most sought-after and recognizable in the world.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who was Augustus Saint-Gaudens?

Augustus Saint-Gaudens was an American sculptor and coin designer best known for creating the 1907 $20 Double Eagle and $10 Indian Head Eagle.

Why is the Saint-Gaudens Double Eagle so famous?

It is widely regarded as one of the most beautiful coins ever produced by the United States Mint because of its exceptional artistry and classical design.

Who asked Saint-Gaudens to redesign U.S. coins?

President Theodore Roosevelt personally commissioned Saint-Gaudens to redesign America’s gold coinage as part of his effort to beautify U.S. currency.

Did Saint-Gaudens design any other coins?

Yes. His two most famous coin designs are the $20 Double Eagle and the $10 Indian Head Eagle, both introduced in 1907.

When did Augustus Saint-Gaudens die?

He passed away on August 3, 1907, shortly after seeing his revolutionary coin designs enter production.

Official Resource

To learn more about Augustus Saint-Gaudens, his life, sculptures, and lasting influence on American art and coinage, visit the official National Park Service page.

Pioneer Rare Coin Dealer, Auctioneer, and Numismatic Scholar

Henry Chapman (1859–1935) was one of the most influential American numismatists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As a rare coin dealer, auctioneer, cataloger, and publisher, he helped professionalize the numismatic marketplace through detailed auction catalogs, accurate descriptions, and scholarly research.

Together with his younger brother, Samuel Hudson Chapman, Henry built one of the most respected coin businesses in the United States. Their firm became known for handling many of America’s finest rare coin collections, and Henry’s auction catalogs remain valuable references for collectors, researchers, and historians today.

Early Life

Henry Chapman was born on January 6, 1859, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

From a young age, he developed an interest in collecting coins and historical artifacts. By the late 1870s, he and his brother Samuel had entered the coin trade, eventually becoming nationally recognized dealers and auctioneers.

Philadelphia’s close connection to the United States Mint provided opportunities to study coin production and develop relationships within the numismatic community.

Chapman Brothers

Henry and Samuel Chapman operated one of America’s premier numismatic firms during the late 1800s and early 1900s.

Their business specialized in:

• Rare U.S. coins
• Colonial coinage
• Early American copper coins
• Gold coins
• Pattern coins
• Tokens and medals
• Estate collections

The Chapman brothers became known for handling many of the country’s finest private collections and conducting some of the most important numismatic auctions of their era.

Auction Catalogs

Henry Chapman is especially remembered for producing exceptionally detailed auction catalogs.

These catalogs often included:

• Historical background
• Detailed coin descriptions
• Provenance information
• Rarity observations
• Condition notes
• Market commentary

Many Chapman catalogs are still cited by researchers and auction houses because they document important collections and pedigrees from more than a century ago. His famous 1921 John Story Jenks Collection catalog is widely regarded as one of the greatest American numismatic auction catalogs ever published.

Contributions to Numismatics

Henry Chapman helped raise professional standards within the coin industry by emphasizing:

• Accurate grading
• Careful attribution
• Historical research
• Ethical dealing
• Thorough documentation

His publications became important references for collectors seeking reliable information about rare coins and their history.

Legacy

Henry Chapman played a major role in shaping the early American rare coin market.

His influence can still be seen through:

• Historic auction catalogs
• Recorded pedigrees
• Numismatic research
• Professional auction practices
• Documentation of famous collections

Many of the coins he sold continue to appear in major auctions today, with his original catalog descriptions often referenced alongside modern listings.

Why Henry Chapman Matters

Henry Chapman helped establish many of the professional practices that continue to guide the rare coin industry today.

His lasting contributions include:

• Conducting landmark rare coin auctions
• Publishing highly respected auction catalogs
• Documenting important coin pedigrees
• Promoting accurate numismatic scholarship
• Advancing professionalism within the coin trade

His work remains an important part of American numismatic history.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who was Henry Chapman?

Henry Chapman was an American rare coin dealer, auctioneer, cataloger, and numismatic scholar who became one of the leading figures in the U.S. coin market during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

What is Henry Chapman best known for?

He is best known for his detailed rare coin auction catalogs, which continue to serve as important references for collectors and researchers.

Did Henry Chapman work alone?

No. He worked closely with his younger brother, Samuel Hudson Chapman, and together they built one of America’s most respected numismatic businesses.

Why are Chapman auction catalogs important?

They preserve valuable historical information, including coin descriptions, pedigrees, rarity notes, and records of significant collections sold over a century ago.

When did Henry Chapman die?

Henry Chapman passed away on January 30, 1935, leaving behind a lasting legacy in American numismatics.

Official Resource

To learn more about Henry Chapman, his family, auction catalogs, and lasting contributions to American numismatics, visit the American Numismatic Society’s Pocket Change article dedicated to the Chapman family.

Legendary Numismatist, Author, Dealer, and Auctioneer

Q. David Bowers (born 1938) is one of the most influential and widely respected figures in modern American numismatics. During a career spanning more than seven decades, he has worked as a rare coin dealer, auctioneer, researcher, historian, columnist, and author.

Bowers has written extensively about United States coins, paper money, tokens, medals, hoards, collecting history, and the people who helped shape the numismatic marketplace. His books and auction catalogs have introduced generations of collectors to the history and study of rare coins.

He is also notable for having served as president of both the Professional Numismatists Guild and the American Numismatic Association.

Early Life

Quentin David Bowers was born in 1938 and developed an interest in coins at a young age.

As a teenager, he began buying and selling coins and quickly became active in the professional numismatic community. He joined the American Numismatic Association during the 1950s and attended an ANA convention as a teenage dealer.

What began as a childhood collecting interest developed into a lifelong career devoted to rare coins, historical research, and numismatic education.

Beginning a Numismatic Career

Bowers entered the professional coin business in 1953, while still a teenager.

During the early years of his career, he studied coins, built relationships with collectors and dealers, and developed a reputation for detailed historical research. He later became involved in several prominent rare coin firms and helped conduct major auctions featuring important American collections.

His ability to combine commercial experience with historical scholarship distinguished him from many other dealers of his generation.

Rare Coin Dealer and Auctioneer

Throughout his career, Bowers has participated in the sale of many notable collections and individual rarities.

His auction work has involved:

• United States coins
• Colonial and early American coins
• Gold coins
• Pattern coins
• Tokens and medals
• Paper money
• World coins
• Historic numismatic collections

Bowers became known for auction catalogs that included extensive historical information, provenance research, collecting advice, and detailed descriptions.

These catalogs often served not only as sales materials but also as permanent numismatic references.

Stack’s Bowers Galleries

Q. David Bowers is closely associated with Stack’s Bowers Galleries, one of the best-known rare coin and currency auction firms in the world.

The modern company reflects the combination of several historic numismatic businesses, including firms connected with Bowers and the Stack family.

Bowers is currently identified by Stack’s Bowers Galleries as a founder, retired. His name remains part of the firm’s identity and reflects his long-standing influence on the rare coin auction industry.

Numismatic Author

Bowers is among the most prolific authors in the history of American numismatics.

He has written books and articles covering subjects such as:

• United States coinage
• Rare coin collecting
• Silver dollars
• Gold coins
• Commemorative coins
• Colonial coins
• Pattern coins
• Tokens and medals
• Paper money
• Famous coin hoards
• Numismatic personalities
• The history of coin collecting

His writing combines historical research with practical collecting information, making complex subjects accessible to both beginning collectors and experienced numismatists.

The American Numismatic Association has recognized him for decades of writing and scholarship.

A Guide Book of United States Coins

Bowers has contributed extensively to A Guide Book of United States Coins, commonly known as the Red Book.

The Red Book is one of the most widely used references in American coin collecting. It provides information about:

• Coin types
• Mintage figures
• Historical background
• Major varieties
• Grading
• Estimated retail values

Through his books, columns, and contributions to major reference works, Bowers has helped make numismatic knowledge available to a broad collecting audience.

Research and Scholarship

One of Bowers’ defining contributions has been his emphasis on preserving the history behind coins.

His research frequently explores:

• Original Mint records
• Auction appearances
• Ownership histories
• Famous collections
• Shipwreck treasures
• Historical correspondence
• Coin distribution and survival
• Changes in collecting practices

This approach encourages collectors to view coins not simply as objects of value, but as historical artifacts connected to individuals, institutions, and events.

Leadership in Numismatics

Q. David Bowers served as president of the Professional Numismatists Guild from 1977 to 1979 and president of the American Numismatic Association from 1983 to 1985.

He is recognized as the only person to have served as president of both organizations.

These leadership positions reflect the respect he earned from both professional dealers and the broader collecting community.

Awards and Recognition

Bowers has received many of the numismatic community’s highest honors.

His recognitions include:

• Induction into the ANA Numismatic Hall of Fame
• The Farran Zerbe Memorial Award for Distinguished Service
• Recognition as Numismatist of the Year
• The Professional Numismatists Guild Founders Award
• Numerous literary and writing awards
• The ANA Exemplary Service Award
• Recognition for excellence in numismatic writing

He was inducted into the ANA Numismatic Hall of Fame in 1994.

Influence on Collectors

Bowers has influenced collectors not only through buying, selling, and auctioning coins, but also through education.

His writing often encourages collectors to:

• Study before buying
• Learn the history of each series
• Examine quality carefully
• Understand rarity and demand
• Research provenance
• Build collections with a clear purpose
• Preserve records for future generations

This educational approach has helped shape modern collecting practices.

Legacy

Q. David Bowers helped unite the commercial and scholarly sides of numismatics.

His influence can be seen through:

• Major rare coin auctions
• Detailed auction catalogs
• Numismatic books and reference works
• Historical research
• Collector education
• Professional leadership
• Preservation of important pedigrees
• Documentation of the American coin market

His career demonstrates how rare coin dealing, historical scholarship, and public education can work together to strengthen the numismatic community.

Why Q. David Bowers Matters

Q. David Bowers has helped preserve and explain the history of American numismatics for generations of collectors.

His lasting contributions include:

• Building a professional rare coin career beginning as a teenager
• Writing extensively about coins, currency, tokens, medals, and collecting history
• Conducting and documenting important numismatic auctions
• Serving as president of both the ANA and PNG
• Promoting research, education, and responsible collecting
• Preserving the stories and pedigrees connected to historic coins

Few modern numismatists have contributed as broadly to the commercial, educational, and historical development of the hobby.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is Q. David Bowers?

Q. David Bowers is an American numismatist, rare coin dealer, auctioneer, author, researcher, and historian whose professional career began in the 1950s.

What does the “Q” stand for?

The “Q” stands for Quentin. His full name is Quentin David Bowers.

What is Q. David Bowers best known for?

He is best known for his extensive numismatic writing, rare coin auction work, historical research, and leadership within major numismatic organizations.

Did Q. David Bowers work for Stack’s Bowers Galleries?

Yes. He is closely associated with the firms that became Stack’s Bowers Galleries and is identified by the company as a founder who is now retired.

Was Q. David Bowers president of the American Numismatic Association?

Yes. He served as ANA president from 1983 to 1985.

Was he also president of the Professional Numismatists Guild?

Yes. He served as PNG president from 1977 to 1979 and is recognized as the only person to have served as president of both the PNG and ANA.

Is Q. David Bowers in the Numismatic Hall of Fame?

Yes. He was inducted into the American Numismatic Association’s Numismatic Hall of Fame in 1994.

What kinds of books has he written?

He has written about United States coins, gold and silver coins, commemoratives, paper money, tokens, medals, famous collections, coin hoards, and the history of numismatics.

Official Resource

To learn more about Q. David Bowers, his career, auction work, publications, and contributions to American numismatics, visit his biography through Stack’s Bowers Galleries.

Numismatic Innovator, Rare Coin Dealer, and Founder of PCGS

David Hall (born 1947) is an influential American numismatist, rare coin dealer, entrepreneur, and collectibles-market innovator. He is best known as the driving force behind the creation of the Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS) in 1986.

Hall helped transform the rare coin marketplace by promoting independent authentication, standardized grading, tamper-evident encapsulation, and guarantees of grade and authenticity. These developments made it easier for collectors and dealers to compare, trade, and evaluate certified coins across the national market.

In addition to his work with PCGS, Hall has handled many important United States coins and contributed innovations involving electronic trading, published market information, guaranteed buy-and-sell prices, and online collection registries.

Early Interest in Coins

David Hall began collecting and dealing in coins at a young age.

He entered the professional rare coin business in 1966 and developed expertise in high-quality and historically significant United States coins. Over time, he became known for combining numismatic knowledge with new approaches to marketing, pricing, certification, and technology.

His early experience in the coin market gave him firsthand knowledge of one of the industry’s greatest challenges: different buyers and sellers could assign substantially different grades to the same coin.

The Rare Coin Market Before PCGS

Before modern third-party grading became widely accepted, most collectible coins were sold without permanent independent certification.

Dealers and collectors generally relied on their own judgment when determining:

• Authenticity
• Grade
• Surface quality
• Evidence of cleaning or alteration
• Rarity
• Market value

Because grading involves professional judgment, disagreements could significantly affect a coin’s price. A coin described as Mint State by one seller might receive a lower grade from another dealer or collector.

Hall believed the marketplace needed an independent service that would authenticate coins, apply consistent grading standards, encapsulate approved coins, and stand behind its conclusions.

Founding of PCGS

In 1986, David Hall and a group of prominent rare coin dealers established the Professional Coin Grading Service.

PCGS introduced a system in which qualifying coins were:

• Examined for authenticity
• Evaluated by professional graders
• Assigned a numerical grade
• Encapsulated in tamper-evident holders
• Identified by unique certification numbers
• Covered by a grade-and-authenticity guarantee, subject to applicable terms

This system helped popularize certified coins in sealed holders commonly known as slabs.

The Certified Coin Grading Revolution

The introduction of PCGS contributed to a major change in how rare coins were bought and sold.

Independent certification gave market participants a shared reference point for discussing a coin’s authenticity and condition. Collectors could purchase certified coins from distant dealers or auctions with more information than had traditionally been available.

The system also encouraged the broader use of:

• Standardized grading terminology
• Tamper-evident coin holders
• Certification verification
• Population reports
• Published price guides
• Sight-unseen trading networks
• Guarantees of authenticity and grade

Although certification does not determine a coin’s exact market value, it provides an independent professional opinion that has become widely recognized throughout the industry.

Rare Coin Dealer

Alongside his work establishing PCGS, David Hall built a long career as a professional rare coin dealer.

He became particularly associated with rare and high-quality United States coins and helped assemble important private collections. His experience covered many areas of numismatics, including:

• Early United States coinage
• Classic gold coins
• Silver dollars
• Proof coins
• High-grade Mint State coins
• Major rarities
• Condition rarities
• Registry-quality coins

Hall’s market knowledge and ability to recognize exceptional coins helped establish his reputation among advanced collectors and professional dealers.

Market Innovations

David Hall introduced or promoted several practices that influenced the development of the modern rare coin market.

These included:

• Published buy-and-sell quotations
• Guaranteed trading markets
• Electronic dealer trading
• Certified population information
• Online research resources
• Collection-ranking systems
• Greater use of technology in collectibles

These innovations made numismatic information more widely available and helped connect collectors, dealers, grading companies, and auction houses.

The Set Registry Concept

Hall is also credited with developing the Set Registry concept.

A Set Registry allows collectors to enter their certified coins into an online system, organize them into defined collecting sets, compare completion and quality, and participate in rankings.

Registry collecting may include:

• Coin-series sets
• Date-and-mintmark sets
• Type collections
• Proof sets
• Commemorative sets
• Specialized varieties
• Low-grade or themed collections

The concept added a new interactive and competitive element to collecting and was eventually adopted across multiple areas of the collectibles market.

Collectors Universe and Other Collectibles

The success of professional coin certification helped lead to the development of authentication and grading services for additional collectibles.

Through organizations associated with Collectors Universe, certification expanded into areas such as:

• Sports cards
• Autographs
• Tickets
• Memorabilia
• Stamps
• Banknotes
• Other collectible categories

Hall’s broader influence therefore extended beyond rare coins. He helped demonstrate how independent authentication, standardized grading, secure holders, population information, and online verification could be applied throughout the collectibles industry.

Recognition

David Hall has received significant recognition for his influence on American numismatics.

He was inducted into the PCGS CoinFacts Coin Dealer Hall of Fame in 2012. He has been recognized as one of the collectibles market’s most influential personalities and as a central figure in the certified-coin grading revolution.

His work helped change how rare coins are:

• Authenticated
• Graded
• Encapsulated
• Researched
• Priced
• Traded
• Collected
• Compared online

Legacy

David Hall helped bridge traditional rare coin dealing with modern certification and information technology.

His influence remains visible through:

• PCGS-certified coin holders
• Third-party grading standards
• Certification guarantees
• Population reports
• Online certification verification
• Electronic coin trading
• Digital price and research tools
• Competitive Set Registries

The professional grading model he helped establish became a central part of the modern numismatic marketplace.

Why David Hall Matters

David Hall helped reshape the rare coin industry by addressing long-standing concerns involving authenticity, grading consistency, and market confidence.

His lasting contributions include:

• Co-founding PCGS
• Advancing independent third-party coin grading
• Promoting guarantees of grade and authenticity
• Developing new rare coin trading methods
• Expanding access to numismatic market information
• Introducing the Set Registry concept
• Applying certification principles to other collectibles
• Encouraging the use of technology throughout the marketplace

Few modern numismatists have had a greater influence on the structure of professional coin certification and trading.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is David Hall?

David Hall is an American rare coin dealer, numismatist, entrepreneur, and collectibles-market innovator best known for helping establish PCGS.

When did David Hall enter the coin business?

His professional coin-dealing career began in 1966.

What is David Hall best known for?

He is best known as the driving force behind the creation of the Professional Coin Grading Service and the development of the modern certified-coin marketplace.

When was PCGS founded?

PCGS was established in 1986 by David Hall and a group of prominent professional coin dealers.

Did David Hall invent coin grading?

No. Coin grading existed long before PCGS. Hall helped develop a commercial system combining independent grading, authentication, encapsulation, certification numbers, and guarantee protections.

What is a PCGS holder?

It is a tamper-evident holder containing a coin evaluated by PCGS. Its label generally identifies the coin, assigned grade, and certification number.

What is the Set Registry?

The Set Registry is an online system that allows collectors to organize certified coins into defined sets, compare collections, and participate in rankings.

Was David Hall only involved with coins?

No. His influence extended into the certification and collection of sports cards, stamps, memorabilia, currency, and other collectibles.

Is David Hall in the PCGS Coin Dealer Hall of Fame?

Yes. He was inducted in 2012.

Official Resource

To learn more about David Hall, his numismatic career, and the rare coin company he established, visit David Hall Rare Coins.

Anna Escobedo Cabral

Former Treasurer of the United States and Recognized Numismatic Signature

Anna Escobedo Cabral is an American public official, attorney, financial-literacy advocate, and recognized figure within modern numismatics. She served as the 42nd Treasurer of the United States from January 19, 2005, through January 20, 2009, during the administration of President George W. Bush.

As Treasurer, Cabral advised senior Treasury officials and worked with the directors of the United States Mint and the Bureau of Engraving and Printing on matters involving coins, currency, production, and anti-counterfeiting measures. Her signature appeared on several series of United States paper currency, making it familiar to millions of Americans.

Within the collectible-coin market, Cabral is also known for signing certification labels used with select coins graded by the Numismatic Guaranty Company (NGC).

Early Life and Education

Anna Escobedo Cabral is a native of California.

She studied political science at the University of California, Davis, and later earned a master’s degree in public administration from Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, with an emphasis on international trade and finance.

Her education prepared her for a career involving public policy, government administration, economic development, and community representation.

Public Service Career

Before becoming Treasurer of the United States, Cabral held several prominent leadership and public-policy positions.

From 1993 through 1999, she served as deputy staff director of the United States Senate Judiciary Committee under Chairman Orrin Hatch. The committee handled matters involving federal courts, law enforcement, immigration, antitrust policy, intellectual property, and other major areas of federal law.

She also served as executive staff director of the Senate Republican Conference Task Force on Hispanic Affairs, helping address legislative matters affecting Hispanic communities.

From 1999 through 2003, Cabral was president and chief executive officer of the Hispanic Association on Corporate Responsibility, where she worked with major companies to encourage greater Hispanic representation in employment, contracting, philanthropy, and corporate governance.

Immediately before joining the Treasury Department, she directed the Smithsonian Institution’s Center for Latino Initiatives, promoting Latino representation throughout Smithsonian exhibitions and public programs.

Treasurer of the United States

President George W. Bush nominated Anna Escobedo Cabral to serve as Treasurer of the United States on July 22, 2004.

The United States Senate confirmed her nomination on November 20, 2004, and she was sworn in as the nation’s 42nd Treasurer on January 19, 2005.

The Treasurer of the United States traditionally performs several important duties involving the nation’s money and financial systems.

During Cabral’s tenure, her responsibilities included advising officials on:

• United States coinage
• Paper currency
• Currency production
• Anti-counterfeiting measures
• Savings bonds
• Financial education
• Public outreach
• Operations involving the United States Mint and Bureau of Engraving and Printing

Cabral also represented the Treasury Department publicly and promoted financial literacy among families, students, educators, and underserved communities.

Cabral’s Signature on United States Currency

One of the most visible responsibilities associated with the Treasurer’s office is the placement of the Treasurer’s signature on United States paper currency.

Cabral’s signature appeared alongside that of the Secretary of the Treasury on banknotes produced during her period in office.

Her signature is associated with currency from the:

• Series 2003A
• Series 2006
• Certain later-produced notes carrying those series designations

Because United States banknotes circulate throughout the country and around the world, Cabral’s signature became one of the most widely recognized aspects of her public service.

The presence of a Treasurer’s signature identifies the government officials serving when a particular currency series was authorized. It does not ordinarily make a circulated note rare by itself, although certain denominations, printing varieties, errors, star notes, or exceptionally preserved examples may carry collector interest.

Work with the United States Mint

As Treasurer, Cabral advised and worked with the leadership of the United States Mint during an active period in modern American coinage.

The Mint introduced or developed several important programs during her tenure, including:

• The American Buffalo Gold Coin
• The Presidential $1 Coin Program
• The First Spouse Gold Coin Program
• Continued production of American Eagle bullion and collector coins
• Modern commemorative coin programs
• Expanded public education and collector outreach

The American Buffalo, first released in 2006, was the first 24-karat gold bullion coin produced by the United States Mint.

Cabral did not personally design these coins. Her numismatic significance comes from her federal leadership role and her involvement with Treasury and Mint officials during the period in which these programs were developed and introduced. NGC identifies her tenure as a dynamic period that included some of the Mint’s most successful modern coin programs.

Financial Literacy Advocacy

Financial education was an important part of Cabral’s work as Treasurer.

She promoted greater understanding of:

• Personal budgeting
• Saving
• Responsible borrowing
• Credit
• Investing
• Financial planning
• Consumer protection
• Long-term financial security

Cabral frequently spoke to students, educators, families, and community organizations about the importance of practical financial knowledge.

In testimony before the United States Senate, she emphasized safe coin and currency systems, stronger anti-counterfeiting efforts, investment opportunities through savings bonds, and expanded financial literacy for Americans of all ages.

NGC Signature Labels

Anna Escobedo Cabral later became recognized in the certified-coin market through her participation in the NGC Authentic Hand-Signed Label Program.

NGC-certified coins carrying these labels feature an authentic signature from Cabral on the certification label displayed inside the holder.

Her signed labels have appeared with select examples of coins such as:

• American Silver Eagles
• American Gold Eagles
• American Buffalo gold coins
• Modern commemorative coins
• Presidential dollars
• Other qualifying United States Mint products

NGC announced Cabral’s participation in its signature-label program in 2018, noting her close work with United States Mint directors while she served as Treasurer.

What a Signature Label Means

A signature label is the printed certification insert displayed inside a third-party grading holder.

Depending on the program, it may include:

• The signer’s name
• An authentic handwritten signature
• The coin’s description
• The assigned grade
• A certification number
• A special design or designation

Cabral’s signature on an NGC label does not mean she designed, struck, graded, or personally owned the coin.

Instead, the label connects the certified coin with a former Treasurer of the United States who served during an important period in modern Mint history.

Collecting Anna Cabral Signature Coins

Some collectors seek Anna Cabral signature-label coins because of their connection to:

• United States monetary history
• The Office of the Treasurer
• Modern United States Mint programs
• American Eagle coins
• Presidential dollars
• First Spouse coins
• Prominent government officials
• Specialized signature collections

A signed label may make a coin more desirable to certain buyers, but its market value depends on several factors.

These may include:

• The coin itself
• Mintage
• Grade
• Condition
• Precious-metal content
• Label rarity
• Number of labels signed
• Collector demand
• Holder type
• Recent comparable sales

A signature label should not automatically be assumed to make a coin rare or guarantee that it will appreciate in value.

Leadership Beyond the Treasury

Cabral’s career has extended beyond currency and numismatics.

Her professional experience has included work in:

• Government administration
• Public policy
• Corporate governance
• Latino representation
• International development
• Financial education
• Nonprofit leadership
• Community development

Her background reflects a combination of government service, legal and policy experience, institutional leadership, and advocacy.

Legacy

Anna Escobedo Cabral’s legacy connects public service, financial education, currency history, and modern numismatics.

Her influence remains visible through:

• Her signature on United States paper currency
• Her service as the 42nd Treasurer of the United States
• Her work with the United States Mint and Bureau of Engraving and Printing
• Her support for financial literacy
• Her connection to important modern coin programs
• Her participation in NGC’s signature-label program
• Her advocacy for broader representation in government and major institutions

Her signed certification labels give collectors a tangible connection to a former United States Treasurer and to an active period in the history of American coinage.

Why Anna Escobedo Cabral Matters

Anna Escobedo Cabral occupies a distinctive place in the modern numismatic community because her career connects federal monetary policy with collectible coins and currency.

Her lasting contributions include:

• Serving as the 42nd Treasurer of the United States
• Advising on matters involving American coins and currency
• Working with United States Mint leadership
• Supporting modern anti-counterfeiting efforts
• Promoting financial education
• Having her signature printed on United States banknotes
• Participating in authenticated numismatic signature programs
• Connecting modern certified coins with the history of the Treasury Department

For collectors, her signature represents both public service and an identifiable chapter in modern American monetary history.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is Anna Escobedo Cabral?

Anna Escobedo Cabral is an American public official, attorney, and financial-literacy advocate who served as the 42nd Treasurer of the United States.

When did Anna Cabral serve as Treasurer?

She served from January 19, 2005, through January 20, 2009.

Which president appointed Anna Cabral?

President George W. Bush nominated her to serve as Treasurer of the United States.

Does Anna Cabral’s signature appear on United States money?

Yes. Her signature appears on United States paper currency issued under applicable series during and following her tenure.

Did Anna Cabral design any United States coins?

No. She did not personally design the coins associated with her tenure. She served as Treasurer and worked with Treasury and Mint leadership during the development and release of important modern coin programs.

What is an Anna Cabral signature coin?

It is generally a coin certified by a third-party grading company whose holder contains a label signed by Anna Escobedo Cabral.

Does Anna Cabral grade the coins carrying her signature?

No. The grading company authenticates, grades, and encapsulates the coin. Cabral’s role is limited to the signed certification label.

Are all Anna Cabral labels hand-signed?

Collectors should verify the specific label description. NGC offers authentic hand-signed Cabral labels, but buyers should confirm the holder, certification record, and label type before purchasing.

Does her signature make a coin more valuable?

It may increase interest among some collectors, but it does not guarantee a higher value. The coin, grade, rarity, market demand, and availability of the label all affect pricing.

Can an Anna Cabral signature label be verified?

Yes. The coin’s certification number should be checked through the grading company’s official certification-verification system.

Official Resource

To learn more about Anna Escobedo Cabral and her authenticated signature labels for certified coins, visit her official profile through the Numismatic Guaranty Company.

Celebrated United States Mint Engraver and Designer of the Morgan Dollar

George Thomas Morgan (1845–1925) was a British-born engraver, medalist, and coin designer who spent nearly five decades working for the United States Mint. He is best known for creating the Morgan silver dollar, one of the most recognizable and widely collected coins in American numismatic history.

Morgan joined the United States Mint as an assistant engraver in 1876 and later became the Mint’s seventh Chief Engraver. In addition to his famous silver dollar, he created and contributed to numerous patterns, commemorative coins, medals, and other designs that helped shape American coinage during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Early Life and Artistic Training

George Thomas Morgan was born on November 24, 1845, in Birmingham, England.

He studied at the Birmingham School of Art and later received a scholarship to attend the National Art Training School in London. After completing his studies, Morgan worked as an engraver for the prominent medal-making firm John Pinches, where he developed experience designing medals and working with relief sculpture.

His artistic training and professional experience earned him a strong reputation as a skilled engraver and medalist.

Joining the United States Mint

During the 1870s, United States Mint officials sought an engraver with European artistic training who could help improve the appearance of American coinage.

Morgan moved to the United States in 1876 and joined the Philadelphia Mint as an assistant engraver under Chief Engraver William Barber.

His early assignments included producing pattern coins and experimental designs while studying American coinage and the technical requirements of large-scale mint production.

Morgan remained with the United States Mint for the rest of his professional life.

Designing a New Silver Dollar

The Bland-Allison Act of 1878 required the United States Treasury to purchase large quantities of silver and produce silver dollars.

Mint officials directed both William Barber and George T. Morgan to prepare designs for the new coin. Morgan’s design was ultimately selected, and production began in 1878.

The resulting coin became known as the Morgan dollar, named for its designer.

The Morgan Silver Dollar

The Morgan dollar features a portrait of Liberty on the obverse and an American eagle with outstretched wings on the reverse.

The obverse includes:

• A left-facing portrait of Liberty
• A cap decorated with agricultural elements
• The word LIBERTY on the headband
• Thirteen stars representing the original colonies
• The date of issue

The reverse includes:

• An eagle with outstretched wings
• An olive branch
• A bundle of arrows
• A surrounding wreath
• The inscription UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• The denomination ONE DOLLAR
• The motto IN GOD WE TRUST

The coin was originally struck from 1878 through 1904 and again in 1921. The United States Mint later revived the historic design for modern collector issues beginning in 2021.

The Model for Liberty

Morgan wanted the portrait of Liberty to reflect an American appearance rather than imitate a traditional European classical figure.

The model generally associated with the design was Anna Willess Williams, a Philadelphia teacher. Morgan reportedly studied her profile during several sittings and used it as inspiration for the portrait.

The finished image was not intended to be a literal portrait. Instead, Morgan adapted the model’s features into an idealized representation of Liberty.

Production at Multiple Mints

Historic Morgan dollars were produced at several United States Mint facilities:

• Philadelphia
• Carson City
• San Francisco
• New Orleans
• Denver

The Denver Mint produced Morgan dollars only in 1921.

Mintmarks appear on the reverse beneath the wreath. Coins struck at Philadelphia generally carry no mintmark.

Differences in mintage, survival, strike quality, and condition have made certain dates and mintmarks especially desirable among collectors.

A Coin Connected to American Expansion

The Morgan dollar became closely associated with the economic and political history of the late 19th-century United States.

Its production was connected to:

• Western silver mining
• Federal monetary policy
• The expansion of railroads and industry
• The growth of western states
• Political disputes over gold and silver
• The storage of large silver-dollar reserves in Treasury vaults

The coin remains closely associated with the American West, industrial development, and the nation’s changing monetary system.

Work Beyond the Morgan Dollar

Although the Morgan dollar is his most famous creation, George T. Morgan contributed to many other numismatic works.

His designs and engraving work included:

• Pattern coins
• Commemorative coins
• Presidential and military medals
• Assay medals
• Treasury and Mint medals
• Experimental coin designs
• The reverse of the Columbian Exposition half dollar
• The reverse of the McKinley Birthplace Memorial gold dollar

Morgan also created several pattern designs that were never adopted for regular coinage but remain highly regarded by collectors and researchers.

Pattern Coins

Morgan produced numerous experimental designs while working at the Mint.

Among the best known are patterns associated with:

• The proposed 1877 half dollar
• The “Schoolgirl” dollar
• The “Washlady” dollar
• Experimental silver-dollar designs
• Alternative portraits of Liberty

Pattern coins allowed Mint artists and officials to evaluate possible designs, inscriptions, metals, and production methods before approving a coin for circulation.

Many Morgan patterns are now considered significant examples of American medallic art.

Chief Engraver of the United States Mint

Following the death of Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber in 1917, George T. Morgan was appointed the seventh Chief Engraver of the United States Mint.

He held that position from 1917 until his death in 1925.

As Chief Engraver, Morgan supervised design and engraving work at the Mint while continuing to produce dies, medals, and other official artwork.

His appointment represented the culmination of more than four decades of service to the institution.

The Return of the Morgan Dollar in 1921

Production of the Morgan dollar ended after 1904 because the government’s required silver purchases had been fulfilled and available bullion supplies had declined.

The design returned in 1921 after new legislation required the replacement of silver dollars that had been melted under the Pittman Act.

Morgan prepared revised hubs for the renewed production. The 1921 coins have noticeable design differences from many earlier Morgan dollars, including changes in relief and certain details.

Later in 1921, the Morgan design was replaced by the Peace dollar.

Modern Morgan Dollars

The United States Mint revived the Morgan dollar design in 2021 to commemorate the transition from the Morgan dollar to the Peace dollar a century earlier.

Modern Morgan dollars use George T. Morgan’s historic design while being produced with contemporary Mint technology and collector finishes.

The revival demonstrates the enduring popularity of Morgan’s work more than a century after the original coin entered circulation.

Why Collectors Value Morgan Dollars

Morgan dollars are collected for many reasons, including:

• Their large silver-dollar format
• Their historic connection to the American West
• George T. Morgan’s distinctive design
• Numerous dates and mintmarks
• Carson City issues
• Prooflike and Deep Mirror Prooflike surfaces
• Die varieties
• Attractive toning
• High-grade condition rarities
• Treasury and hoard discoveries

Some dates are relatively common, while others are scarce because of low mintages, melting, limited survival, or strong collector demand.

The series offers collecting opportunities ranging from affordable circulated examples to major rarities.

Artistic Style

Morgan’s work combined classical artistic traditions with distinctly American imagery.

His coin and medal designs often featured:

• Strong portraiture
• Carefully modeled relief
• Detailed hair and facial features
• Eagles and national symbols
• Agricultural elements
• Balanced lettering and ornament
• Realistic rather than purely idealized models

His approach helped create a recognizable style that remains influential in modern American numismatic design.

Legacy

George T. Morgan devoted nearly half a century to the United States Mint.

His legacy remains visible through:

• The Morgan silver dollar
• Historic pattern coins
• Commemorative coin designs
• Official United States medals
• His service as Chief Engraver
• Modern Mint revivals of his work
• Generations of collectors inspired by his designs

The Morgan dollar has become one of the defining coins of American numismatics and ensures that his name remains familiar to collectors around the world.

Why George T. Morgan Matters

George T. Morgan helped shape the visual identity of American coinage during a period of major national growth and economic change.

His lasting contributions include:

• Designing the Morgan silver dollar
• Serving the United States Mint for nearly five decades
• Becoming the seventh Chief Engraver of the United States Mint
• Creating important patterns, medals, and commemorative designs
• Introducing a distinctive American image of Liberty
• Producing artwork that remains popular more than a century later
• Influencing modern collector coins based on his original designs

Few United States Mint engravers have created a coin as recognizable or as widely collected as the Morgan dollar.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who was George T. Morgan?

George T. Morgan was a British-born engraver and coin designer who worked for the United States Mint and later served as its Chief Engraver.

What is George T. Morgan best known for?

He is best known for designing the Morgan silver dollar, first issued in 1878.

When was George T. Morgan born?

He was born on November 24, 1845, in Birmingham, England.

When did he join the United States Mint?

Morgan joined the Philadelphia Mint as an assistant engraver in 1876.

Who appears on the Morgan dollar?

The obverse depicts an idealized image of Liberty inspired by Anna Willess Williams, a Philadelphia teacher.

When were historic Morgan dollars produced?

They were struck from 1878 through 1904 and again in 1921.

At which mints were Morgan dollars produced?

Historic Morgan dollars were struck at Philadelphia, Carson City, San Francisco, New Orleans, and Denver.

Was George T. Morgan Chief Engraver?

Yes. He became the seventh Chief Engraver of the United States Mint in 1917 and served until his death in 1925.

Did Morgan design coins other than the Morgan dollar?

Yes. He created numerous patterns, medals, commemorative designs, and other official Mint artwork.

Are Morgan dollars still being produced?

The United States Mint revived Morgan’s historic design for modern collector coins beginning in 2021.

When did George T. Morgan die?

He died on January 4, 1925.

Official Resource

To learn more about George T. Morgan, the creation of the Morgan dollar, and the history of American silver-dollar coinage, visit the United States Mint’s official historical feature.

Renowned Sculptor and Designer of the Lincoln Cent

Victor David Brenner (1871–1924) was a Lithuanian-born American sculptor, engraver, medalist, and coin designer whose artistic vision forever changed United States coinage. He is best known for designing the Lincoln cent, first issued in 1909, which became the first regularly circulating American coin to feature the portrait of an actual historical person rather than the symbolic figure of Liberty.

More than a century later, Brenner’s portrait of Abraham Lincoln remains on every Lincoln cent struck by the United States Mint, making it one of the longest-running and most recognizable coin designs in history.

Early Life

Victor David Brenner was born Avigdor David Brenner on June 12, 1871, in Šiauliai, Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire.

As a young man, he learned gem and seal engraving from his father before immigrating to the United States in 1890. Settling in New York City, Brenner attended classes at Cooper Union while developing his skills as an engraver.

Seeking further artistic training, he later studied in Paris under renowned French medalist Louis-Oscar Roty, whose influence helped shape Brenner’s refined approach to portrait sculpture and medallic art.

Establishing His Reputation

After returning to New York, Brenner quickly became one of America’s most respected sculptors and medalists.

His work included:

• Portrait plaques
• Bronze sculptures
• Commemorative medals
• Government commissions
• Civic memorials
• Presidential portraits

His exceptional ability to capture realistic facial detail and expressive portraiture earned him international recognition and numerous prestigious commissions.

Theodore Roosevelt and American Coinage

President Theodore Roosevelt believed American coins should reflect the artistic quality of Europe’s finest medallic works.

After seeing Brenner’s bronze plaque of Abraham Lincoln, Roosevelt personally selected him to design a new one-cent coin celebrating Lincoln’s 100th birthday.

Brenner adapted his earlier Lincoln portrait into what would become one of the most famous coin designs ever created.

The Lincoln Cent

The Lincoln cent was officially released on August 2, 1909.

Its original design featured:

Obverse

• Portrait of Abraham Lincoln
• LIBERTY
• IN GOD WE TRUST
• Date

Reverse (1909–1958)

• Two wheat ears
• ONE CENT
• UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• E PLURIBUS UNUM

Because of its reverse design, these early coins became known as the Wheat Cent.

Although the reverse has changed several times—including the Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008), the Bicentennial designs (2009), and today’s Union Shield reverse (2010–present)—Brenner’s portrait of Lincoln has remained unchanged on the obverse for over a century.

The Famous “V.D.B.” Initials

One of the most famous stories in American numismatics concerns Brenner’s initials.

His original 1909 design prominently displayed the letters V.D.B. at the bottom of the reverse.

Some officials believed the initials were too noticeable, and only days after the coin entered circulation they were removed.

In 1918, Brenner’s initials returned in a much smaller form beneath Lincoln’s shoulder on the obverse, where they remain today.

The 1909-S VDB Lincoln cent has since become one of the most famous and desirable key-date coins in United States numismatics.

Beyond the Lincoln Cent

Although remembered primarily for the Lincoln cent, Brenner produced an impressive body of artistic work throughout his career.

His creations included:

• Portrait medals
• Presidential medals
• Abraham Lincoln plaques
• Theodore Roosevelt commemoratives
• Public sculptures
• Civic memorials
• Government commissions
• Artistic bas-reliefs

His works remain preserved in museums, universities, libraries, and private collections throughout the world.

Artistic Style

Brenner’s work blended European classical training with American realism.

His artwork is recognized for:

• Realistic portraiture
• Fine sculptural detail
• Elegant lettering
• Balanced compositions
• Natural facial expressions
• High-relief modeling

These qualities helped establish Brenner as one of the leading American medalists of the early twentieth century.

Lasting Legacy

Victor David Brenner transformed American coinage through artistic excellence.

His accomplishments include:

• Designing the Lincoln cent
• Creating the first circulating U.S. coin honoring a real historical figure
• Producing one of the longest-running coin designs in American history
• Advancing American medallic art
• Influencing generations of sculptors and coin designers

Because billions of Lincoln cents have been produced since 1909, Brenner’s portrait of Abraham Lincoln has become one of the most widely reproduced works of sculpture in the world.

Why Victor David Brenner Matters

Victor David Brenner helped redefine American coin design by combining exceptional artistry with historical significance.

His lasting contributions include:

• Designing the iconic Lincoln cent
• Bringing realistic portraiture to American coinage
• Establishing a design still used by the United States Mint today
• Advancing the art of medallic sculpture
• Inspiring collectors, artists, and historians for more than a century

Few artists have created a design that has remained in daily use for as long—or become as recognizable—as Brenner’s Lincoln portrait.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who was Victor David Brenner?

Victor David Brenner was a Lithuanian-born American sculptor, engraver, medalist, and the designer of the Lincoln cent.

What is Victor David Brenner best known for?

He is best known for designing the Lincoln cent, first issued in 1909.

What does “V.D.B.” stand for?

The initials represent Victor David Brenner and appear beneath Abraham Lincoln’s shoulder on modern Lincoln cents.

Why were the V.D.B. initials removed?

Some Mint officials believed the initials were too prominent on the original 1909 reverse, so they were removed shortly after the coin’s release.

Were the initials restored?

Yes. In 1918, they were restored in much smaller form beneath Lincoln’s shoulder on the obverse.

What is the 1909-S VDB Lincoln cent?

It is one of the most famous key-date United States coins because of its limited San Francisco mintage and original V.D.B. initials.

Did Brenner design other coins?

While the Lincoln cent is his only circulating U.S. coin design, Brenner created numerous medals, portrait plaques, sculptures, and commemorative works throughout his career.

When did Victor David Brenner die?

He died on April 5, 1924, in New York City.

Official Resource

Although there is no dedicated official United States Mint biography for Victor David Brenner, the following resource provides the most comprehensive overview of his life, career, and contributions to American numismatics.

Twelfth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint and Designer of the Original American Silver Eagle Reverse

John M. Mercanti (born April 27, 1943) is one of the most accomplished and influential engravers in the history of the United States Mint. During a career spanning more than three decades, he designed or sculpted more than 100 United States coins and medals, more than any other employee in Mint history. He served as the 12th Chief Engraver of the United States Mint from 2006 to 2010 and is best known for creating the original Heraldic Eagle reverse of the American Silver Eagle, one of the most recognizable bullion coin designs ever produced.

Early Life

John Mercanti was born on April 27, 1943, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

From an early age, he developed a passion for drawing, sculpture, and design. He studied at several prestigious art institutions, including:

• Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
• Philadelphia College of Art
• Fleisher Art Memorial School

Before beginning his Mint career, Mercanti also served for six years in the Pennsylvania Army National Guard, further developing the discipline that would define his professional life.

Joining the United States Mint

Mercanti joined the United States Mint in 1974 as a sculptor-engraver after working as an illustrator.

Working under legendary Chief Engraver Frank Gasparro, he mastered every stage of coin and medal production, including sculpture, engraving, die preparation, and medallic design.

Over the next 37 years, Mercanti became the Mint’s most prolific artist, contributing to circulating coinage, commemorative programs, Congressional Gold Medals, bullion coins, and national medals.

The American Silver Eagle

John Mercanti’s most famous work is undoubtedly the original reverse of the American Silver Eagle.

Introduced in 1986, the design features:

• A heraldic eagle with shield
• Thirteen stars representing the original colonies
• Olive branch
• Arrows symbolizing strength and preparedness
• UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• E PLURIBUS UNUM
• 1 OZ. FINE SILVER
• ONE DOLLAR

Mercanti’s reverse remained on every American Silver Eagle issued from 1986 through mid-2021, making it one of the longest-running and most recognizable bullion coin designs in the world. It was replaced in 2021 by Emily Damstra’s flying eagle reverse.

Other Notable Coin Designs

Beyond the Silver Eagle, Mercanti designed or sculpted numerous important United States coins and medals.

His work includes:

• 1984 Olympic $10 Gold Coin
• 1986 Statue of Liberty Dollar
• American Platinum Eagle obverse (“Liberty Looking to the Future”)
• 1989 Congress Bicentennial Gold Coin
• 1990 Eisenhower Centennial Silver Dollar
• 1991 Mount Rushmore Gold Coin
• 1991 Korean War Memorial Silver Dollar
• 2005 John Marshall Commemorative Silver Dollar
• Numerous Congressional Gold Medals
• Multiple Presidential medals

His artistry can also be found on several 50 State Quarters, including:

• Pennsylvania
• North Carolina
• Arkansas
• Iowa
• West Virginia

Mercanti’s versatility made him one of the defining artists of modern American coinage.

Chief Engraver of the United States Mint

On May 19, 2006, John Mercanti became the 12th Chief Engraver of the United States Mint.

He was the first person appointed after the position had remained vacant for approximately fifteen years following Elizabeth Jones’s retirement.

As Chief Engraver, Mercanti supervised the Mint’s engraving department while continuing to design and sculpt coins, medals, and national honors until retiring in 2010.

Artistic Style

Mercanti’s work is recognized for:

• Strong patriotic symbolism
• Classical composition
• Exceptional sculptural detail
• Bold heraldic imagery
• Realistic portraiture
• Technical precision

His designs combine traditional American themes with modern engraving techniques, creating works that are both historically significant and visually striking.

Life After the Mint

Since retiring from the United States Mint, Mercanti has remained active in the numismatic community.

He has:

• Designed coins for international mints
• Written educational books
• Spoken at major numismatic conventions
• Signed certified coins for collectors
• Continued creating medallic artwork

His expertise continues to influence collectors, artists, and the coin industry around the world.

Awards and Recognition

Throughout his distinguished career, Mercanti has received widespread recognition for his contributions to numismatics.

His accomplishments include:

• More coin and medal designs than any employee in United States Mint history
• Service as the 12th Chief Engraver of the United States Mint
• Creator of the original American Silver Eagle reverse
• Recognition as one of the most influential figures in modern American numismatics
• Continuing involvement in educational and collector programs after retirement 

Legacy

John Mercanti has left one of the greatest artistic legacies in modern United States coinage.

His work continues to circulate throughout the world and has influenced both public appreciation and contemporary coin design.

Collectors recognize his designs for their craftsmanship, historical importance, and enduring beauty.

Why John Mercanti Matters

John Mercanti helped define modern American coinage.

His lasting contributions include:

• Designing the original American Silver Eagle reverse
• Creating or sculpting more than 100 United States coins and medals
• Serving as the 12th Chief Engraver of the United States Mint
• Advancing the art of American medallic sculpture
• Inspiring generations of engravers and collectors

Few modern artists have shaped United States coinage as extensively as John Mercanti.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is John Mercanti?

John Mercanti is an American sculptor, engraver, and the 12th Chief Engraver of the United States Mint.

What is John Mercanti best known for?

He is best known for designing the original Heraldic Eagle reverse of the American Silver Eagle.

When did he join the United States Mint?

He joined the Mint in 1974.

When did he become Chief Engraver?

He became Chief Engraver in 2006 and served until 2010.

How many coin and medal designs did he create?

More than 100, the most by any employee in United States Mint history.

Did John Mercanti design State Quarters?

Yes. His work appears on several State Quarters, including Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Arkansas, Iowa, and West Virginia.

Is John Mercanti still active in numismatics?

Yes. Since retiring from the Mint, he has continued designing coins, authoring books, and participating in educational and numismatic events.

Official Resource

Although there is no dedicated official United States Mint biography for John Mercanti, the following resource provides the most comprehensive overview of his life, career, and contributions to American numismatics.

United States Mint Artist and the First Filipino and First Asian U.S. Mint Coin Designer

Paul C. Balan is an internationally recognized artist, sculptor, and coin designer who became the first Filipino and first Asian selected to create coin designs for the United States Mint through its Artistic Infusion Program (AIP). His work has appeared on numerous United States commemorative coins, bullion coins, Congressional Gold Medals, and circulating coin programs, earning him recognition as one of the leading modern artists in American numismatics.

Early Life

Paul C. Balan was born and raised in the Philippines, where he developed a passion for drawing, painting, and sculpture at a young age.

He studied at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, one of Asia’s oldest universities, where he refined his artistic abilities and laid the foundation for his future career as a professional artist.

Building an Artistic Career

Before entering the world of coin design, Balan worked as a professional artist creating:

• Religious artwork
• Murals
• Sculptures
• Stained-glass designs
• Portraits
• Public art commissions

After immigrating to the United States in 2002, he supported his family through various jobs while continuing to pursue his artistic career. His dedication eventually led to national recognition.

Joining the United States Mint

Encouraged by his wife, Balan applied to the United States Mint Artistic Infusion Program (AIP).

He was accepted in 2008, becoming the first Filipino and first Asian artist selected for the program.

The Artistic Infusion Program brings accomplished outside artists together with Mint sculptor-engravers to create new coin and medal designs for the United States Mint. Through this program, Balan contributed artwork for many of America’s most significant modern coin programs.

Notable United States Coin Designs

Paul C. Balan has contributed designs to numerous United States coins, including:

• 2015 American Liberty High Relief $100 Gold Coin (reverse)
• American Platinum Eagle
• America the Beautiful Quarter – Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore (Michigan)
• 2015 March of Dimes Silver Dollar
• 2015 U.S. Marshals Service 225th Anniversary Commemorative Coins
• 2019 American Legion Commemorative Coins
• Native American $1 Coin honoring Ely S. Parker
• American Innovation $1 Coin – New Jersey

His artwork combines historical storytelling, symbolism, and exceptional sculptural detail.

Congressional Gold Medals

In addition to coins, Balan has designed artwork for several Congressional Gold Medals, including members of the Code Talkers Recognition Program.

These medals honor Native American veterans whose languages played a vital role in protecting military communications during wartime. His work demonstrates a commitment to historical accuracy while respectfully representing the cultures being honored.

Artistic Style

Paul C. Balan’s designs are known for:

• Strong storytelling
• Classical composition
• Dynamic movement
• Fine sculptural detail
• Historical symbolism
• Cultural authenticity
• Realistic portraiture

His ability to combine traditional artistic techniques with modern coin design has earned him widespread respect within the numismatic community.

Signature Series

Following his success with the United States Mint, Paul C. Balan entered into a PCGS Signature Series partnership.

Collectors highly value coins personally signed by Balan because they combine modern Mint artistry with certified authenticity. His signature appears on a variety of commemorative and bullion issues that he helped design.

Legacy

Paul C. Balan has become one of the most influential contemporary artists associated with the United States Mint.

His accomplishments include:

• First Filipino U.S. Mint coin designer
• First Asian U.S. Mint coin designer
• Contributor to major bullion and commemorative coin programs
• Designer of Congressional Gold Medals
• Internationally recognized sculptor and artist
• Inspiration to aspiring artists around the world

His work demonstrates that exceptional artistic talent can shape the history of American coinage regardless of where an artist begins their journey.

Why Paul C. Balan Matters

Paul C. Balan represents the global reach of American numismatic art.

His lasting contributions include:

• Expanding diversity within United States coin design
• Creating artwork for some of the Mint’s most important modern coin programs
• Combining fine art with American history
• Inspiring future generations of artists
• Leaving a lasting legacy through coins and medals collected around the world

His designs continue to be admired for their artistry, symbolism, and craftsmanship.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is Paul C. Balan?

Paul C. Balan is an artist, sculptor, and United States Mint designer who became the first Filipino and first Asian selected for the Mint’s Artistic Infusion Program.

What is Paul C. Balan best known for?

He is known for designing numerous United States commemorative coins, bullion coins, Congressional Gold Medals, and circulating coin programs.

Did Paul C. Balan work directly for the United States Mint?

He contributed designs through the United States Mint’s Artistic Infusion Program, collaborating with Mint sculptor-engravers to create official coins and medals.

What is the Artistic Infusion Program?

It is a United States Mint initiative that brings accomplished outside artists into the coin-design process to create original artwork for U.S. coins and medals.

What are some of his best-known designs?

His work includes the American Liberty High Relief Gold Coin, American Platinum Eagle, Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore Quarter, U.S. Marshals Service commemoratives, American Legion commemoratives, and several Congressional Gold Medals.

Official Resource

Although there is no dedicated United States Mint biography page for Paul C. Balan, the following biography from his alma mater provides the most comprehensive overview of his life, artistic journey, and achievements.

Numismatic Executive, Publisher, and Leader of the Professional Numismatists Guild

John Feigenbaum is an American numismatist, entrepreneur, publisher, author, and industry executive best known for serving as Chief Executive Officer of CDN Publishing (Greysheet) and Executive Director of the Professional Numismatists Guild (PNG). Throughout more than four decades in the rare coin industry, he has become one of the hobby’s most influential advocates for pricing transparency, dealer ethics, collector education, and the modernization of numismatic technology. 

Early Life

John Feigenbaum grew up in a numismatic family and began attending coin shows at a very young age.

His father, David Lawrence Feigenbaum, founded what would become David Lawrence Rare Coins, exposing John to rare coins, grading, and the coin business from childhood. By his teenage years, he was already actively involved in the hobby and eventually turned his lifelong passion into a professional career.

Education and Early Career

Feigenbaum graduated from Virginia Tech’s Pamplin College of Business in 1990.

He joined the family business, helping transform David Lawrence Rare Coins into one of the nation’s leading rare coin companies. Under his leadership, the company became an early pioneer in:

• Mail-order rare coin sales
• Online coin auctions
• Digital inventory management
• Custom numismatic software
• Internet-based coin marketing

His focus on technology helped modernize the way collectors and dealers bought and sold rare coins.

Leadership at Greysheet

In 2015, John Feigenbaum led an investment group that acquired CDN Publishing, publisher of the legendary Greysheet (Coin Dealer Newsletter).

Since becoming President and CEO, he has overseen the company’s transformation from a traditional printed price guide into a comprehensive digital platform offering:

• Wholesale coin pricing
• Retail pricing resources
• Market analysis
• Population data
• Mobile applications
• Dealer software
• API data services
• Educational articles
• Online marketplaces

Under his leadership, Greysheet has continued to serve as one of the most trusted pricing resources in the numismatic industry.

Professional Numismatists Guild (PNG)

In 2023, Feigenbaum became the Executive Director of the Professional Numismatists Guild (PNG).

Founded in 1955, PNG is one of the most respected organizations representing professional rare coin and precious metals dealers.

As Executive Director, Feigenbaum oversees initiatives involving:

• Dealer ethics
• Consumer protection
• Collector education
• Membership development
• Anti-counterfeiting awareness
• Industry advocacy
• Professional standards

He has emphasized expanding membership while maintaining PNG’s longstanding commitment to integrity and ethical business practices.

Publisher and Author

John Feigenbaum has written extensively about the rare coin market.

His work includes articles covering:

• Coin grading
• Market trends
• Precious metals
• Rare coin investing
• Dealer ethics
• Numismatic technology
• Industry analysis

He is also the author of The Complete Guide to Washington Quarters, a respected reference for collectors of the series.

Industry Leadership

Throughout his career, Feigenbaum has worked to strengthen the numismatic community by promoting:

• Ethical dealer practices
• Pricing transparency
• Technological innovation
• Collector education
• Market efficiency
• Professional development

His leadership has helped bridge the gap between traditional coin dealing and modern digital commerce.

Educational Outreach

Feigenbaum regularly participates in:

• National coin conventions
• Educational seminars
• Industry podcasts
• Market discussions
• Collector presentations
• Dealer conferences

He frequently shares insights on:

• Rare coin valuation
• Wholesale pricing
• Market cycles
• Coin grading
• Precious metals
• The future of the hobby

His educational efforts have made complex market topics more accessible to collectors at every experience level.

Awards and Recognition

Among his many accomplishments, Feigenbaum received the Professional Numismatists Guild Abe Kosoff Founders Award in 2014 for his steadfast dedication to the numismatic community.

He is widely recognized as one of the leading executives and educators in modern American numismatics.

Legacy

John Feigenbaum has become one of the most influential business leaders in the rare coin industry.

His accomplishments include:

• Modernizing Greysheet
• Leading CDN Publishing
• Serving as Executive Director of PNG
• Advancing dealer ethics
• Improving pricing transparency
• Supporting collector education
• Promoting technological innovation throughout numismatics

His work continues to influence collectors, dealers, auction houses, and the broader numismatic marketplace.

Why John Feigenbaum Matters

John Feigenbaum has helped shape the modern rare coin marketplace through leadership, innovation, and education.

His lasting contributions include:

• Modernizing Greysheet into a digital pricing platform
• Strengthening the Professional Numismatists Guild
• Promoting ethical standards throughout the hobby
• Expanding educational resources for collectors
• Advancing technology within the numismatic industry
• Supporting transparency in rare coin pricing

Few modern executives have had as broad an impact on today’s numismatic marketplace.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is John Feigenbaum?

John Feigenbaum is an American numismatist, publisher, entrepreneur, and Executive Director of the Professional Numismatists Guild.

What is John Feigenbaum best known for?

He is best known for serving as CEO of CDN Publishing (Greysheet) and Executive Director of PNG. 

What is Greysheet?

Greysheet is one of the most trusted wholesale pricing resources for rare coins and precious metals, used by collectors and professional dealers throughout the industry.

What is the Professional Numismatists Guild?

The Professional Numismatists Guild is a nonprofit organization founded in 1955 that promotes ethics, education, and professionalism among rare coin and precious metals dealers.

Has John Feigenbaum written any books?

Yes. He is the author of The Complete Guide to Washington Quarters and has written numerous articles on coin collecting and the rare coin market.

Official Resource

The most comprehensive official biography of John Feigenbaum is available through Greysheet (CDN Publishing), where he serves as President and Chief Executive Officer.

Sculptor and Designer of the Historic Peace Dollar

Anthony de Francisci (1887–1964) was an Italian-American sculptor, medalist, and coin designer best known for creating the iconic Peace Dollar. First issued in 1921, the Peace Dollar commemorated the restoration of peace following World War I and became one of the most celebrated silver dollar designs ever produced by the United States Mint.

His artistic vision combined classical European influences with American ideals, resulting in a coin that remains one of the cornerstones of United States numismatics.

Early Life

Anthony de Francisci was born on July 13, 1887, in Palermo, Sicily, Italy. At a young age, he immigrated with his family to New York City, where he developed an early passion for sculpture and fine art.

He studied under several accomplished sculptors and artists, refining his classical techniques while building a reputation as a talented sculptor and medalist. His education and artistic background prepared him for what would become one of the most significant commissions in American numismatic history.

Winning the Peace Dollar Competition

Following the conclusion of World War I, there was growing support to replace the Morgan Dollar with a new silver dollar celebrating peace.

In 1921, the United States Mint invited several of America’s leading sculptors to submit designs for the new coin. Anthony de Francisci’s proposal was ultimately selected for its elegance, symbolism, and artistic excellence.

His winning design introduced a fresh and modern interpretation of Liberty while honoring the nation’s hope for a lasting peace.

The Peace Dollar

Introduced in 1921, the Peace Dollar remains one of the most iconic coins ever issued by the United States Mint.

The obverse features:

• Lady Liberty wearing a radiant crown
• Soft classical facial features
• Flowing hair symbolizing freedom and strength
• A youthful portrait reportedly inspired by his wife, Teresa Cafarelli de Francisci

The reverse depicts:

• A majestic bald eagle resting peacefully upon a rock
• An olive branch symbolizing peace
• The word PEACE prominently displayed beneath the eagle
• Rays of the rising sun representing hope and a new beginning

Unlike previous American silver dollars that emphasized military strength or expansion, the Peace Dollar celebrated the end of war and the promise of a more peaceful future.

Artistic Legacy

Anthony de Francisci believed that American coinage should reflect both artistic beauty and national ideals.

Although he produced numerous sculptures and medals throughout his career, the Peace Dollar became his defining achievement and secured his place among the most influential coin designers in American history.

His design continues to inspire collectors, historians, and artists more than a century after its introduction.

Why Anthony de Francisci Matters

His contributions to American numismatics include:

• Designing the legendary Peace Dollar
• Creating one of America’s most recognizable silver coin designs
• Commemorating the end of World War I through art
• Introducing one of the first modern portrayals of Liberty on United States coinage
• Leaving a lasting artistic legacy that continues to inspire collectors worldwide

Today, the Peace Dollar remains one of the most collected and admired United States coins ever produced.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who was Anthony de Francisci?

Anthony de Francisci was an Italian-American sculptor and medalist best known for designing the United States Peace Dollar.

Why is the Peace Dollar famous?

The Peace Dollar commemorates the end of World War I and is widely admired for its beautiful design, symbolism, and historical significance.

Who inspired the image of Liberty on the Peace Dollar?

The portrait of Liberty is widely believed to have been inspired by Anthony de Francisci’s wife, Teresa Cafarelli de Francisci.

When was the Peace Dollar first issued?

The Peace Dollar was first issued in 1921 and continued through 1928, with additional issues in 1934 and 1935 before returning as a modern collectible beginning in 2021.

Why is Anthony de Francisci important to collectors?

His Peace Dollar design is considered one of the greatest achievements in American coin artistry and remains one of the most popular United States coin series ever produced.

Official Resource

To learn more about Anthony de Francisci, his life, artistic career, and lasting contributions to American sculpture and numismatics, visit the official Smithsonian American Art Museum biography.

38th Director of the United States Mint

Edmund C. Moy is an American public official, business executive, author, commentator, and longtime coin collector who served as the 38th Director of the United States Mint from September 2006 until January 2011.

Appointed by President George W. Bush and confirmed by the United States Senate, Moy assumed responsibility for one of the world’s largest coin-manufacturing operations at a particularly significant moment in American monetary and numismatic history. The Mint was responsible not only for circulating coinage, but also for commemorative coins, collector products, and the nation’s major precious-metal bullion programs.

His tenure included the financial crisis of 2008, dramatic increases in investor demand for physical precious metals, the expansion of several modern coin programs, and the development of the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle.

Early Interest in Coins

Moy’s interest in coins began long before he became Director of the United States Mint.

Growing up in Wisconsin, he worked in his family’s restaurant and was given responsibility for the cash register after learning arithmetic. Handling coins every day exposed him to the variety of designs found in American circulation.

He became interested in pieces such as:

• Indian Head cents
• Buffalo nickels
• Mercury dimes
• Walking Liberty half dollars
• Other historic United States coin designs

That early fascination with coinage eventually intersected with a much broader career in business and government.

Education and Early Career

Moy attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison and earned a bachelor’s degree with a triple major in:

• Economics
• International relations
• Political science

After graduating in 1979, he entered the health-care industry and worked in sales and management.

He later served in the administration of President George H. W. Bush as Director of the Office of Managed Care within the federal Health Care Financing Administration.

Moy also worked with private-sector businesses, venture-capital firms, entrepreneurs, and corporate organizations before returning to federal public service.

White House Service

Before becoming Mint Director, Moy spent nearly six years as a Special Assistant to President George W. Bush for Presidential Personnel.

In that role, he helped identify and evaluate individuals for presidential appointments throughout federal departments and independent agencies.

His White House service included the period surrounding the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and the subsequent creation of the Department of Homeland Security.

This experience placed Moy at the intersection of government administration, executive leadership, and large federal institutions before he was selected to lead the United States Mint.

Appointment as Director of the United States Mint

President George W. Bush nominated Edmund C. Moy to become Director of the United States Mint on June 29, 2006.

The United States Senate confirmed him on July 26, and Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson formally swore him in as the 38th Director of the Mint on September 5, 2006.

At the time, the Mint employed approximately 1,900 people and operated facilities across multiple states and the District of Columbia.

As Director, Moy oversaw the agency’s responsibilities involving:

• Circulating United States coinage
• Precious-metal bullion coins
• Numismatic collector products
• Commemorative coin programs
• Medals
• Coin design and production
• Marketing and distribution
• Mint facilities and operations 

Leading the Mint During the 2008 Financial Crisis

One of the defining aspects of Moy’s tenure was his leadership during the global financial crisis.

As financial markets became increasingly unstable during 2008, investors sought physical precious metals as a potential store of value and portfolio hedge.

Demand for United States Mint bullion products increased dramatically.

An official Mint financial report for the second quarter of fiscal year 2008 reported bullion revenue of approximately $294 million, an increase of 77 percent compared with the same period in fiscal year 2007.

The Mint described demand for bullion products during this period as unprecedented.

The extraordinary demand placed pressure on the supply chain for precious-metal blanks and on the Mint’s ability to produce and distribute bullion products.

Moy’s tenure therefore provides an important historical link between modern American numismatics and one of the most significant financial disruptions of the early twenty-first century.

Gold, Silver, and Precious-Metal Bullion

Precious-metal bullion became an increasingly important part of Mint operations during Moy’s leadership.

The United States Mint’s bullion programs included products such as:

• American Gold Eagles
• American Silver Eagles
• American Platinum Eagles
• American Gold Buffaloes

Moy later described the extraordinary expansion of bullion activity during and following the financial crisis. His official biography and subsequent writings have highlighted the dramatic increase in investor demand for government-issued precious-metal coins during this period.

His experience leading the Mint during these conditions later made him a frequent commentator on gold, silver, bullion demand, monetary conditions, and precious-metals markets.

The 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle

One of the most important numismatic projects associated with Moy’s tenure was the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle Gold Coin.

In March 2008, Moy announced that the United States Mint intended to recreate Augustus Saint-Gaudens’ original ultra-high-relief vision for the celebrated 1907 Double Eagle.

The original Saint-Gaudens design had been created during President Theodore Roosevelt’s effort to improve the artistic quality of American coinage.

However, the technological limitations of the early twentieth century made large-scale production of the original ultra-high-relief design impractical.

More than a century later, modern digital technology allowed the Mint to revisit the concept.

Recreating Saint-Gaudens’ Vision

Original Saint-Gaudens coin plasters were digitally mapped by the United States Mint.

The design was adapted for modern production while retaining the essential artistic character of the historic Double Eagle.

Among the updates were:

• A 2009 date rendered in Roman numerals
• Four additional stars representing the 50 states
• The inscription IN GOD WE TRUST 
• A modified border for more consistent production
• A one-ounce 24-karat gold composition
• The coin was issued with a nominal denomination of $20.
  
  

Moy personally struck the first production example at the West Point Mint on November 24, 2008. That coin was designated for transfer to the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of American History.

The 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle became one of the most recognizable modern United States Mint collector issues of his administration.

Coin Design and Artistic Excellence

Moy repeatedly emphasized the importance of artistic excellence in American coinage.

The Ultra High Relief project reflected a broader effort to combine historic American coin design with contemporary production technology.

During Moy’s tenure, the Mint was responsible for numerous new designs, commemorative programs, and circulating-coin initiatives.

The period represented an active era in modern United States coinage, with traditional engraving expertise increasingly supplemented by digital design and die-making technology.

John Mercanti and the Engraving Department

Moy’s tenure overlapped with an important period in the career of John Mercanti, one of the most prolific engravers in United States Mint history.

Mercanti had already spent decades at the Mint and was part of the institution’s senior artistic and engraving leadership during Moy’s administration.

This placed Moy in the executive leadership role over the Mint while Mercanti and the broader engraving and artistic staff were responsible for the design, sculpting, engraving, and technical development of numerous United States coins and medals.

Their overlapping tenure connected Mint executive leadership with an important era of modern coin design and the increasing use of digital technology in the creation of American coinage.

Presidential $1 Coin Program

Moy also oversaw the launch of the Presidential $1 Coin Program.

The program was authorized by Congress and introduced a rotating series of dollar coins honoring former Presidents of the United States in the order they served.

The first Presidential dollars were released in 2007 and honored:

• George Washington
• John Adams
• Thomas Jefferson
• James Madison

Moy participated directly in the program’s rollout and public promotion.

The series became one of the largest multi-year circulating coin programs of the period.

First Spouse Gold Coin Program

The same legislation that established the Presidential $1 Coin Program also authorized a companion series of gold coins honoring the spouses of United States Presidents.

The First Spouse Gold Coin Program began in 2007.

These coins generally contained one-half troy ounce of 24-karat gold and carried a $10 denomination.

The program created a numismatic companion to the Presidential dollar series and introduced collectors to historical figures who had rarely appeared on United States coinage.

American Buffalo Gold Coinage

Moy’s administration also continued the development and marketing of the American Buffalo gold program.

The American Buffalo, first introduced shortly before his tenure, became the United States Mint’s major .9999 fine 24-karat gold coin.

In 2008, the Mint introduced an American Buffalo Celebration Coin as part of an outreach initiative intended in part to introduce new audiences to numismatic and precious-metal products.

The Buffalo program became an important component of the Mint’s modern gold offerings.

Managing the Mint’s Numismatic Product Portfolio

During Moy’s tenure, the United States Mint also reconsidered the number of products it offered collectors.

In November 2008, Moy announced a comprehensive review of more than 550 individual coin and medal products.

The Mint concluded that its catalog had become too extensive and began reducing the number of offerings so resources could be concentrated on products with stronger collector demand.

Approximately 200 products were expected to remain in the revised portfolio.

The initiative reflected an effort to operate the Mint more efficiently while responding to collector preferences.

Protecting Circulating Coinage

Moy’s responsibilities were not limited to collectible and bullion coins.

During 2006 and 2007, rising commodity prices increased the intrinsic metal value of cents and nickels.

Concerned that large-scale melting or exportation could disrupt the supply of circulating coinage, the Mint implemented restrictions governing the melting and export of one-cent and five-cent coins.

Moy approved the policy as a means of protecting the nation’s circulating coin supply and limiting potential replacement costs to taxpayers.

Technology and the Modern Mint

Moy’s administration took place during a period when digital design, electronic commerce, and online collector resources were becoming increasingly important to the United States Mint.

The development of the Ultra High Relief Double Eagle demonstrated how historical sculptural work could be digitally mapped and adapted for modern die production.

At the same time, the Mint increasingly relied on its online presence for:

• Product sales
• Collector information
• Program announcements
• Historical information
• Coin specifications
• Educational resources

This combination of traditional engraving and modern technology became increasingly characteristic of twenty-first-century coin production.

Departure from the United States Mint

Moy announced his resignation in December 2010.

His resignation became effective January 9, 2011, ending approximately four and a half years as Director.

He had originally been appointed for a five-year term by President George W. Bush and continued serving during the administration of President Barack Obama before leaving for the private sector.

Career After the Mint

Following his departure from government, Moy remained active in business, precious metals, media, public speaking, and numismatic commentary.

He has written and spoken extensively about:

• Gold
• Silver
• Precious-metal bullion
• United States coinage
• The Federal Reserve
• Financial markets
• Government policy
• Numismatics

His experience overseeing the United States Mint during the financial crisis gave him a distinctive perspective on the relationship between government coin production, precious-metal markets, and investor demand.

Recognition and Legacy

Ed Moy’s tenure coincided with one of the most consequential periods for modern United States bullion coinage.

His administration saw:

• Extraordinary precious-metal demand during the financial crisis
• Expansion of modern bullion sales
• The launch of the Presidential $1 Coin Program
• The First Spouse Gold Coin Program
• Continued development of American Buffalo gold products
• A major restructuring of the Mint’s numismatis catalog
• Increasing use of digital coin-design technology
• The creation of the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle

His leadership therefore occupies an important place in both modern United States Mint history and the development of the contemporary precious-metals market.

Why Edmund C. Moy Matters

Edmund Moy matters to collectors because his tenure connects several major themes in modern American numismatics.

He led the United States Mint during the 2008 financial crisis, when demand for physical gold and silver surged and bullion coinage became especially important to investors.

He also helped oversee one of the Mint’s most ambitious modern artistic projects: the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle.

His lasting contributions and associations include:

• Serving as the 38th Director of the United States Mint
• Leading the Mint during the global financial crisis
• Managing extraordinary bullion demand
• Overseeing major modern coin programs
• Championing the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle
• Promoting artistic excellence in American coinage
• Managing the Mint during John Mercanti’s engraving era
• Supporting modernization of Mint operations and technology
• Remaining active in precious-metals and numismatic education after leaving government

For collectors of modern United States coins, bullion, and signature-series material, Moy represents an important link between federal Mint leadership, modern coin production, and the dramatic precious-metals market of the late 2000s.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is Edmund C. Moy?

Edmund C. Moy is an American public official, business executive, author, commentator, and coin collector who served as the 38th Director of the United States Mint.

When was Ed Moy Director of the United States Mint?

He served from September 2006 until January 2011.

Who appointed Ed Moy?

President George W. Bush nominated Moy, and the United States Senate confirmed him in July 2006.

Was Ed Moy Director of the Mint during the 2008 financial crisis?

Yes. Moy was Director throughout the 2008 financial crisis and the extraordinary increase in demand for United States Mint precious-metal bullion products that accompanied it.

What major coin is Ed Moy associated with?

One of the most important is the 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle Gold Coin, a modern recreation of Augustus Saint-Gaudens’ historic ultra-high-relief Double Eagle design.

Did Ed Moy strike the first 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle?

Yes. Moy struck the first production coin at the West Point Mint in November 2008. That example was designated for the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of American History.

Did Ed Moy work with John Mercanti?

Their tenures at the United States Mint overlapped. Moy led the Mint while Mercanti was among the institution’s senior engraving figures, making their careers closely connected to the same era of modern American coin production.

What other major programs occurred during Moy’s tenure?

His tenure included the Presidential $1 Coin Program, First Spouse Gold Coin Program, modern American Buffalo gold products, and numerous circulating and collector coin initiatives.

What did Ed Moy do before becoming Mint Director?

His career included work in business and health care, federal service under President George H. W. Bush, private-sector consulting, and nearly six years as a Special Assistant to President George W. Bush.

Is Ed Moy still involved with coins and precious metals?

Yes. After leaving the Mint, Moy continued writing, speaking, consulting, and commenting on precious metals, numismatics, financial markets, and United States coinage.

Official Resource

Learn more about Edmund C. Moy, his service as the 38th Director of the United States Mint, his career, and his writings on coins and precious metals through his official website.

First Woman Chief Sculptor-Engraver of the United States Mint

Elizabeth A. Jones is an American sculptor, medallic artist, and former Chief Sculptor-Engraver of the United States Mint.

In 1981, President Ronald Reagan selected Jones to succeed longtime Chief Engraver Frank Gasparro.

Her nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate, and she was formally sworn in on October 27, 1981.

Jones became the first woman in United States Mint history to hold the office of Chief Sculptor-Engraver.

The American Numismatic Association has also identified her as the only woman to have served as Chief Engraver of the United States Mint.

Early Life and Artistic Training

Elizabeth Jones was born in Montclair, New Jersey, in 1935.

Her artistic career developed far beyond the traditional world of coin engraving. She studied sculpture and medallic art and spent approximately two decades living, studying, and working in Rome, Italy.

That international artistic experience helped shape the sculptural style she later brought to American coin and medal design.

When the United States Mint announced her appointment, it specifically noted her extensive background in medallic art and described her work as having a fresh and distinctive design style.

A Career in Medallic Art

Before joining the United States Mint, Jones established herself as a professional sculptor and medallic artist.

Medallic art combines many of the same disciplines required for coin design:

• Portraiture

• Low-relief sculpture

• Lettering

• Symbolic design

• Composition

• Historical interpretation

• Designing within a small circular surface

Her experience in this specialized field made her particularly well suited to the artistic and technical demands of coinage.

Appointment as Chief Sculptor-Engraver

Jones was selected by President Ronald Reagan to become Chief Sculptor-Engraver of the United States Mint.

The Senate confirmed her nomination on September 28, 1981, and Mint Director Donna Pope administered her oath of office at the Philadelphia Mint on October 27.

She became only the 11th person to hold the position since the early years of the United States Mint.

As Chief Sculptor-Engraver, Jones was responsible for helping provide designs for new coins and medals while overseeing important artistic and technical aspects of die preparation and coin production.

Succeeding Frank Gasparro

Jones succeeded Frank Gasparro, one of the most recognizable Chief Engravers in modern United States Mint history.

Gasparro’s long career had included major designs such as the reverse of the Lincoln Memorial cent, the Kennedy half dollar reverse, and the Susan B. Anthony dollar.

Jones therefore assumed leadership of the engraving department at an important transitional moment.

Her tenure helped move the Mint into a new generation of commemorative coinage while maintaining the long tradition of sculptural design established by earlier Mint engravers.

The Return of Modern Commemorative Coinage

One of the most historically significant developments during Jones’s tenure was the revival of United States commemorative coinage.

Traditional commemorative coin production had largely disappeared after the 1950s.

That changed with the authorization of a new commemorative half dollar honoring the 250th anniversary of George Washington’s birth.

The resulting 1982 George Washington commemorative half dollar became the first United States commemorative coin issued since the earlier commemorative era.

1982 George Washington Commemorative Half Dollar

Jones designed the 1982 George Washington commemorative half dollar.

The coin became one of the defining works of her Mint career.

Its design honored America’s first President while helping inaugurate what collectors now recognize as the modern United States commemorative coin program.

The coin helped establish the foundation for the many commemorative silver and gold issues that followed during the 1980s and subsequent decades.

Jones’s archival papers at the Smithsonian specifically document her work on the George Washington commemorative half dollar.

Olympic Coinage

Jones was also deeply involved with United States Olympic commemorative coinage.

Her work included designs associated with Olympic silver and gold coins produced during the 1980s.

These programs were significant because they combined:

• American athletic themes

• National symbolism

• Precious-metal coinage

• Modern commemorative design

• International sporting history

The Smithsonian’s Elizabeth Jones archive includes extensive material relating to her Olympic Silver Dollar and Olympic Gold Five Dollar designs.

Statue of Liberty Gold Coin

Jones’s Mint work also included the Statue of Liberty Gold Five Dollar commemorative coin.

The Statue of Liberty commemorative program honored one of America’s most recognizable national symbols while helping raise funds for restoration efforts connected with the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island.

Her participation in that program further connected her artistic career with major historical and patriotic themes represented on modern United States coinage.

Presidential and Official Medals

The Chief Sculptor-Engraver was responsible for far more than circulating and commemorative coins.

Jones also created and supervised medals produced for the federal government.

Her documented work includes medals associated with:

• President Ronald Reagan

• Treasury Secretary James A. Baker III

• Government officials

• Institutions

• Historical commemorations

• Private and public organizations

These works demonstrate the broader role Mint sculptors and engravers play beyond conventional coinage.

Sculptor as Well as Engraver

Jones’s career is particularly notable because she approached coinage from the perspective of a trained sculptor.

Coin design must translate a three-dimensional artistic concept into extremely shallow relief that can be struck repeatedly into metal.

Successful designs must balance:

• Artistic expression

• Portrait accuracy

• Symbolism

• Technical striking requirements

• Legibility

• Durability of dies

• The limited dimensions of a coin

Jones’s background in medallic sculpture gave her extensive experience working within these constraints.

A Historic Role for Women at the Mint

Women had previously served in senior leadership positions at the United States Mint, including several women who served as Director of the Mint.

But the position of Chief Sculptor-Engraver had historically been held by men.

Jones’s appointment in 1981 therefore represented an important milestone.

She became the first woman responsible for leading the Mint’s sculptural and engraving function and remains uniquely important in the history of American coin design.

Work Beyond the United States Mint

Jones’s artistic career was not limited to federal coinage.

Her archival papers document commissions and projects for organizations including:

• The National Cathedral

• Johns Hopkins University

• Vassar College

• Montclair Art Museum

• American University of Beirut

• Franklin Mint

• Private individuals and institutions

Her work included portrait plaques, medals, awards, sculptures, sketches, and other forms of medallic art.

Smithsonian Archives

An important record of Jones’s career is preserved by the Smithsonian Institution’s Archives of American Art.

The Elizabeth A. Jones Papers cover the period from 1960 through 1997 and contain approximately 7.1 linear feet of archival material.

The collection includes:

• Correspondence

• Coin and medal files

• Drawings and sketches

• Photographs

• Works in progress

• Exhibition catalogs

• Newspaper and magazine articles

• Documents relating to her service at the United States Mint

This archive provides researchers with an important record of both her Mint career and her broader artistic work.

Recognition and Legacy

Elizabeth Jones occupies a distinctive position in modern American numismatic history.

She combined an international background in sculpture and medallic art with leadership of the United States Mint’s engraving department during the revival of modern commemorative coinage.

Her tenure is associated with:

• Becoming the first woman Chief Sculptor-Engraver

• Succeeding Frank Gasparro

• Helping launch the modern commemorative coin era

• Designing the George Washington commemorative half dollar

• Creating Olympic commemorative coinage

• Working on the Statue of Liberty commemorative program

• Producing presidential and official medals

• Bringing a sculptor’s perspective to modern American coin design

Why Elizabeth Jones Matters

Elizabeth Jones matters because she represents both an artistic and institutional milestone in United States Mint history.

Her appointment broke a barrier that had existed throughout nearly two centuries of Mint engraving leadership.

At the same time, her work appeared during a period when modern commemorative coins were returning to American numismatics.

Her lasting importance includes:

• First woman appointed Chief Sculptor-Engraver of the United States Mint

• Only woman recognized as having served as U.S. Mint Chief Engraver

• Important modern medallic artist

• Designer of the 1982 George Washington commemorative half dollar

• Contributor to Olympic commemorative coinage

• Contributor to the Statue of Liberty commemorative program

• Creator of important official and presidential medals

• Major figure in the transition from the traditional Mint engraving era into modern commemorative coinage

Frequently Asked Questions

Who was Elizabeth Jones?

Elizabeth Jones is an American sculptor and medallic artist who served as Chief Sculptor-Engraver of the United States Mint beginning in 1981.

Was Elizabeth Jones the first woman Chief Engraver of the United States Mint?

Yes. She was the first woman appointed Chief Sculptor-Engraver in U.S. Mint history.

Is Elizabeth Jones the only woman to have served as Chief Engraver?

The American Numismatic Association describes Jones as the only woman to have served as Chief Engraver of the United States Mint.

Who did Elizabeth Jones succeed?

She succeeded longtime Chief Engraver Frank Gasparro.

When was Elizabeth Jones appointed?

President Ronald Reagan selected Jones in 1981. The Senate confirmed her nomination on September 28, and she was sworn in on October 27, 1981.

What is Elizabeth Jones best known for?

She is best known for becoming the first woman Chief Sculptor-Engraver of the United States Mint and for her work on important modern commemorative coins and medals.

What famous coin did Elizabeth Jones design?

One of her best-known works is the 1982 George Washington commemorative half dollar.

Did Elizabeth Jones design Olympic coins?

Yes. Smithsonian archival records document her work on Olympic silver and gold commemorative coins.

Did Elizabeth Jones create medals as well as coins?

Yes. Her career included numerous official, presidential, institutional, and private medals.

Official Resource

Learn more about Elizabeth Jones, her tenure as Chief Sculptor-Engraver of the United States Mint, and her historic appointment through the official United States Mint historical archive.

10th Chief Sculptor-Engraver of the United States Mint

Frank Gasparro was an American sculptor, engraver, medalist, and coin designer whose work became an important part of everyday American currency.

Born in Philadelphia in 1909, Gasparro joined the United States Mint in 1942 and spent nearly four decades working within the Philadelphia Mint’s engraving department. He was appointed Chief Sculptor-Engraver in 1965, becoming the 10th person to hold the position since the Mint’s establishment in 1792.

His designs appeared on some of the most familiar United States coins of the second half of the twentieth century.

Early Life and Artistic Training

Gasparro developed his artistic abilities in Philadelphia and received extensive training in sculpture, drawing, and painting.

As a young artist, he studied under accomplished sculptors including Giuseppe Donato, Charles Grafly, Walker Hancock, and Albert Laessle.

Donato had previously worked with internationally celebrated French sculptor Auguste Rodin, connecting Gasparro’s artistic training to an important European sculptural tradition.

Gasparro also received Cresson scholarships that allowed him to study art abroad.

Before entering the United States Mint, he worked as a freelance sculptor, producing statuary and commercial plaster models.

Joining the United States Mint

Gasparro joined the staff of the Philadelphia Mint in 1942 as a junior engraver.

His work eventually included:

• Coin design

• Portrait sculpture

• Low-relief and high-relief medals

• Insignia

• Commemorative designs

• Foreign coinage

• Die preparation

Over the following decades, he became one of the Mint’s most experienced sculptor-engravers.

Appointment as Chief Sculptor-Engraver

Gasparro was appointed Chief Sculptor-Engraver of the United States Mint in 1965.

The position placed him at the head of the Mint’s engraving and sculptural operations during a period of major change in American coinage.

His tenure included:

• The transition away from circulating silver coinage

• New circulating coin designs

• The Apollo era

• America’s Bicentennial

• New dollar-coin programs

• Major national medals

• Increasing modernization of Mint production

Gasparro remained Chief Sculptor-Engraver until his retirement in 1981, when he was succeeded by Elizabeth Jones.

Lincoln Memorial Cent

One of Gasparro’s most widely circulated designs was the reverse of the Lincoln cent featuring the Lincoln Memorial.

Introduced in 1959 for the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth, the design replaced Victor David Brenner’s wheat-ear reverse.

The Lincoln Memorial cent became one of the most familiar coins in American history and remained in production for decades.

Its widespread circulation meant that Gasparro’s work passed through the hands of generations of Americans.

Kennedy Half Dollar Reverse

Gasparro also designed the reverse of the Kennedy half dollar.

The design features a modified version of the Presidential Seal, with an American eagle surrounded by a ring of stars.

The Kennedy half dollar was introduced in 1964 following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

The coin quickly became both a circulating denomination and an important modern collectible.

Gasparro’s reverse remained associated with the Kennedy half dollar for decades.

Eisenhower Dollar

Among Gasparro’s best-known complete coin designs is the Eisenhower dollar.

Authorized following the death of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the coin honored both the former President and America’s achievements in space exploration.

Gasparro designed both the obverse and reverse.

The obverse features a portrait of Eisenhower.

The reverse adapts the Apollo 11 mission insignia and depicts an American eagle descending toward the surface of the Moon while carrying an olive branch.

Inspiration for the Eisenhower Portrait

Gasparro’s portrait of Eisenhower had a personal origin.

On June 20, 1945, Gasparro was among millions of people gathered in New York City to welcome General Eisenhower home following victory in Europe.

Gasparro later recalled being struck by Eisenhower’s appearance and character during the parade.

When he was eventually asked to design the Eisenhower dollar decades later, he returned to drawings and impressions he had developed from that earlier encounter.

Apollo 11 Reverse

Congress required the reverse of the Eisenhower dollar to recognize the Apollo 11 Moon landing.

Gasparro adapted the Apollo 11 insignia into a coin design featuring:

• A bald eagle

• The lunar surface

• An olive branch

• Earth appearing above the Moon

The design linked President Eisenhower’s legacy with the American space program, which had begun developing during his administration.

Susan B. Anthony Dollar

Gasparro later designed the Susan B. Anthony dollar.

Authorized in 1978, the coin became historically significant as the first circulating United States coin to feature an identifiable American woman rather than an allegorical female figure.

Gasparro designed the portrait of women’s-rights pioneer Susan B. Anthony for the obverse.

For the reverse, the Mint retained a version of his Apollo 11 eagle design from the Eisenhower dollar.

The first Susan B. Anthony dollar was struck at the Philadelphia Mint on December 13, 1978.

A Historic Coin Portrait

The Susan B. Anthony dollar marked an important change in American circulating coinage.

For generations, women had appeared symbolically on American coins as figures such as Liberty.

The Anthony dollar instead honored a real historical woman known for her work advocating women’s suffrage and equal rights.

Gasparro’s portrait therefore became part of an important milestone in U.S. coin history.

America’s Bicentennial

Gasparro’s tenure also included the United States Bicentennial.

The Mint produced special circulating coins and commemorative medals honoring the 200th anniversary of American independence.

Gasparro designed the official Bicentennial National Medal.

Its obverse depicts the Statue of Liberty surrounded by 50 stars and the dates 1776–1976.

The reverse features the Great Seal of the United States and the inscription “We the People.”

Presidential and National Medals

Gasparro created numerous medals in addition to circulating coins.

His work included portraits of presidents, government officials, historic figures, and national institutions.

As Chief Sculptor-Engraver, he also supervised other Mint artists who contributed to medal programs.

One example was the official medal honoring longtime FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover.

Gasparro designed the portrait side, while Mint sculptor-engraver John Mercanti executed the reverse featuring the FBI seal.

Working With John Mercanti

Gasparro’s career overlapped with the early Mint career of John Mercanti.

Mercanti joined the United States Mint in 1974 and worked within the engraving staff while Gasparro served as Chief Sculptor-Engraver.

This made Gasparro part of the senior artistic leadership during Mercanti’s formative years at the Mint.

The two artists also contributed to some of the same medallic projects, demonstrating the continuity between generations of U.S. Mint engravers.

Artistic Style

Gasparro worked in the traditional sculptural approach that characterized much of twentieth-century Mint engraving.

His designs emphasized:

• Strong portraiture

• Clear symbolism

• Controlled relief

• Classical lettering

• Designs suitable for mass coin production

• Balance between artistic detail and practical striking requirements

His work had to function not simply as sculpture, but as miniature relief art capable of being reproduced millions or billions of times in metal.

Experimental Designs

Gasparro produced many designs that were never adopted for circulation.

One of the most famous is his proposed Flowing Hair Liberty design for a small-size dollar coin.

Although the concept was ultimately replaced by the Susan B. Anthony portrait required by legislation, Gasparro’s Liberty design remains well known among numismatists and demonstrates the range of artistic concepts developed within the Mint before final coin designs are selected.

Nearly Four Decades at the Mint

Gasparro’s Mint career extended from 1942 through 1981.

During those years, American coinage changed dramatically.

He worked through periods that included:

• World War II

• The postwar economic expansion

• The elimination of most circulating silver coinage

• The Kennedy era

• The Apollo Moon program

• The Bicentennial

• The development of modern dollar coins

Few U.S. Mint artists had careers that touched so many different chapters of twentieth-century American history.

Retirement

Gasparro retired from the United States Mint in 1981.

Elizabeth Jones succeeded him as Chief Sculptor-Engraver, becoming the first woman to hold that position.

Gasparro continued to be recognized for his artistic contributions and remained an important figure within American numismatics after leaving government service.

He died in 2001.

Recognition and Legacy

Frank Gasparro’s legacy is unusually visible because so many of his designs became circulating coins.

His work includes:

• Lincoln Memorial cent reverse

• Kennedy half dollar reverse

• Eisenhower dollar obverse and reverse

• Susan B. Anthony dollar obverse

• Apollo 11 dollar reverse

• Bicentennial National Medal

• Numerous presidential and national medals

For millions of Americans, Gasparro’s artwork was encountered not in a museum or gallery, but in everyday pocket change.

Why Frank Gasparro Matters

Frank Gasparro helped define the appearance of modern United States coinage.

His career connected traditional hand-sculpted Mint engraving with some of the defining historical events of twentieth-century America.

His lasting contributions include:

• Serving as the 10th Chief Sculptor-Engraver of the United States Mint

• Designing the Eisenhower dollar

• Designing the Susan B. Anthony dollar

• Creating the Lincoln Memorial cent reverse

• Creating the Kennedy half dollar reverse

• Adapting the Apollo 11 insignia for American coinage

• Designing important national and presidential medals

• Leading the Mint’s engraving department for approximately 16 years

• Helping mentor and work alongside the generation of Mint artists that followed him

Few American artists have had their work reproduced on such an enormous scale.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who was Frank Gasparro?

Frank Gasparro was an American sculptor, engraver, medalist, and coin designer who served as Chief Sculptor-Engraver of the United States Mint.

When did Frank Gasparro work for the U.S. Mint?

He joined the Philadelphia Mint in 1942 and remained with the Mint until his retirement in 1981.

When did Frank Gasparro become Chief Engraver?

He was appointed Chief Sculptor-Engraver in 1965.

What coins did Frank Gasparro design?

His major work includes:

• Eisenhower dollar

• Susan B. Anthony dollar

• Lincoln Memorial cent reverse

• Kennedy half dollar reverse

Did Frank Gasparro design both sides of the Eisenhower dollar?

Yes. Gasparro designed both the Eisenhower portrait on the obverse and the Apollo 11-inspired reverse.

Why is there an Apollo 11 design on the Eisenhower dollar?

Congress directed that the reverse recognize the Apollo 11 Moon landing. Gasparro adapted the mission insignia into the coin’s eagle-and-Moon design.

Did Frank Gasparro design the Susan B. Anthony dollar?

Yes. He designed the Susan B. Anthony portrait used on the dollar introduced in 1979.

Did Frank Gasparro work with John Mercanti?

Yes. Their Mint careers overlapped, and Mercanti worked in the engraving department while Gasparro was Chief Sculptor-Engraver. They also contributed to shared Mint medal projects.

Who succeeded Frank Gasparro?

Elizabeth Jones succeeded Gasparro in 1981 and became the first woman Chief Sculptor-Engraver of the United States Mint.

Official Resource

Learn more about Frank Gasparro’s work as Chief Sculptor-Engraver and the creation of the Eisenhower dollar through the official United States Mint historical archive.

Numismatist, Rare Coin Dealer, Author, and Senior Editor of the Red Book

Jeff Garrett is an American numismatist, professional rare coin dealer, author, researcher, educator, and industry leader whose career has touched nearly every major area of modern U.S. numismatics.

He is the founder of Mid-American Rare Coin Galleries, a former President of the American Numismatic Association and Professional Numismatists Guild, a longtime consultant to Numismatic Guaranty Company, and the Senior Editor of A Guide Book of United States Coins, commonly known as the Red Book.

Over the course of his career, Garrett has handled many of the most important and valuable United States coins and has helped educate generations of collectors through books, articles, lectures, grading seminars, and professional numismatic organizations.

Early Interest in Coins

Garrett began collecting coins as a child in Florida.

In 1969, a family friend gave him a Lincoln cent collecting board. That simple introduction developed into a lifelong interest in numismatics.

As a teenager, Garrett became involved with local coin clubs in the Clearwater, Florida area and learned from experienced collectors and dealers.

In 1974, at age 16, he attended the American Numismatic Association Summer Seminar and ANA convention in Miami. He has described those experiences as important influences on his decision to become a professional rare coin dealer.

Beginning a Professional Career

At approximately age 17, Garrett was offered a position with Florida Coin Exchange, one of the major rare coin firms of the period.

Rather than pursuing a traditional college path, he concentrated on developing professional expertise in United States coinage.

His early training focused heavily on:

• Coin grading

• Authentication

• Rarity

• Market pricing

• United States gold coins

• Rare-date coinage

• Dealer relationships

• Auction markets

These skills became the foundation of his professional career.

Mid-American Rare Coin Galleries

In 1984, Garrett founded Mid-American Rare Coin Galleries in Lexington, Kentucky.

The company developed into a prominent rare coin dealership serving collectors, dealers, institutions, and investors.

Garrett also operated Mid-American Rare Coin Auctions during part of the company’s early history, handling important collections before eventually selling the auction operation to Heritage Auctions in the early 1990s.

Throughout his career, Garrett has handled nearly every major type of United States coin and many significant rarities.

Rare Coin Expertise

Garrett has frequently been described within the industry as a “dealer’s dealer” because other professional dealers often consult him for market knowledge, grading opinions, research, financing, and important acquisitions.

His experience includes:

• Early United States coinage

• Federal gold coins

• Silver dollars

• Proof coinage

• High-grade Mint State coins

• Major rarities

• Territorial and private gold

• Pattern coins

• Commemorative coins

• Modern United States issues

His professional biography states that he has personally bought and sold nearly every United States coin ever issued.

The 1913 Liberty Head Nickel

One of the most famous episodes in Garrett’s career involved the legendary 1913 Liberty Head nickel.

Only five examples are known.

In 2003, a previously missing example surfaced after decades of uncertainty. Garrett was among the numismatic experts called upon to examine and authenticate the coin.

Ten years later, Garrett and a partner purchased that same coin at auction for more than $3 million.

The episode connected Garrett directly with one of the most famous rarities in American numismatic history.

Professional Coin Grading

Coin grading has been an important part of Garrett’s career.

He was involved with professional grading during the development of the modern certified-coin market and later became a longtime consultant to NGC.

His work has included:

• Coin authentication

• Professional grading

• Major rarity evaluation

• Grading education

• Research

• Certification-related consultation

Garrett has also taught advanced United States coin grading and problem-coin courses at the ANA Summer Seminar.

American Numismatic Association

Garrett has maintained a long relationship with the American Numismatic Association.

He first became involved with the organization as a young collector and later served on its Board of Governors.

He ultimately became the 59th President of the American Numismatic Association.

Garrett has continued supporting the ANA through education, leadership, philanthropy, and participation in the Summer Seminar program.

Professional Numismatists Guild

Garrett has also played an important role in the Professional Numismatists Guild.

He joined the PNG in 1982 and later served as its President.

Among his honors are:

• Abe Kosoff Founders Award

• PNG Lifetime Achievement Award

These awards recognized his work supporting professional numismatics and promoting the coin collecting hobby.

The Official Red Book

One of Garrett’s most influential roles is his work with A Guide Book of United States Coins, better known as the Official Red Book.

The Red Book has been one of the standard references for American coin collectors since the 1940s.

Garrett originally became involved by assisting longtime editor Kenneth Bressett with coin pricing. His responsibilities gradually expanded, and in 2019 he became Senior Editor.

His responsibilities include helping oversee:

• Coin valuations

• Mintage information

• New United States Mint issues

• Historical information

• Editorial updates

• Numismatic research

• Market information

The Red Book remains one of the most widely used references in American numismatics.

Numismatic Author

Garrett has written and co-written numerous important books on United States coinage.

His works include:

• 100 Greatest U.S. Coins

• 100 Greatest U.S. Modern Coins

• Encyclopedia of U.S. Gold Coins 1795–1933

• United States Coinage: A Study by Type

• Gold: Everything You Need to Buy and Sell Today

• 1849: The Philadelphia Mint Strikes Gold

His books combine historical research, rarity information, market knowledge, and collecting guidance.

Smithsonian Institution

Garrett has also worked with the Smithsonian Institution’s National Numismatic Collection.

His involvement has included consultation relating to:

• Research

• Exhibitions

• Conservation

• Collection study

• Funding

• Numismatic education

His work helped support the return of important rare coins to public exhibition at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History.

NGC Consultant and Signature Series

Garrett has maintained a long professional relationship with Numismatic Guaranty Company.

In addition to consulting and writing educational market commentary, he participates in the NGC Signature Series.

NGC offers certification labels bearing Garrett’s authenticated signature, including labels connected with the Red Book and his 100 Greatest U.S. Modern Coins.

This makes his name familiar not only through books and professional organizations, but also directly on certified collectible coins.

Numismatic Education

Education has remained an important part of Garrett’s career.

He has repeatedly emphasized that collectors benefit from understanding:

• Grading

• Authentication

• Rarity

• Historical context

• Market pricing

• Problem coins

• Research resources

• Provenance

He continues to teach, publish articles, participate in conventions, and mentor younger numismatists.

Recognition and Legacy

Jeff Garrett’s career combines professional dealing, scholarship, grading, publishing, organizational leadership, and museum work.

In 2026, PCGS announced Garrett as an inductee into its CoinFacts Coin Dealer Hall of Fame, recognizing his influence on the modern rare coin marketplace.

His broader contributions include:

• More than four decades in professional numismatics

• Founder of Mid-American Rare Coin Galleries

• Senior Editor of the Official Red Book

• 59th President of the American Numismatic Association

• Former President of the Professional Numismatists Guild

• Longtime NGC consultant

• Author of major numismatic reference books

• Smithsonian numismatic consultant

• Expert involved in authentication of the rediscovered 1913 Liberty Head nickel

• Teacher and mentor to collectors and professional numismatists

Why Jeff Garrett Matters

Jeff Garrett matters because few modern numismatists have participated in so many different parts of the rare coin industry.

He has worked as a dealer, grader, researcher, author, editor, educator, museum consultant, and industry leader.

His influence is particularly visible through:

• The Official Red Book

• Professional coin grading

• Rare coin research

• Major rarity authentication

• Numismatic publishing

• ANA education

• Museum collections

• NGC certification and Signature Series coins

• Professional dealer organizations

For collectors, Garrett represents the connection between traditional rare coin dealing and the modern world of certified coins, professional grading, published market information, and numismatic education.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is Jeff Garrett?

Jeff Garrett is an American numismatist, rare coin dealer, author, educator, and Senior Editor of the Official Red Book.

Is Jeff Garrett a former ANA President?

Yes. Garrett served as the 59th President of the American Numismatic Association.

What is Jeff Garrett’s connection to the Red Book?

Garrett became Senior Editor of A Guide Book of United States Coins in 2019 after years of assisting with pricing and editorial work.

Does Jeff Garrett work with NGC?

Yes. He is a longtime NGC consultant, writer, educator, and participant in the NGC Signature Series.

What books has Jeff Garrett written?

His books include 100 Greatest U.S. Coins, 100 Greatest U.S. Modern Coins, Encyclopedia of U.S. Gold Coins 1795–1933, and several other numismatic references.

Was Jeff Garrett involved with the 1913 Liberty Head nickel?

Yes. He was one of the experts involved in authenticating the rediscovered example in 2003 and later participated in purchasing it at auction.

Does Jeff Garrett teach coin grading?

Yes. Garrett has taught advanced United States coin grading through the ANA Summer Seminar.

Is Jeff Garrett involved with the Smithsonian?

Yes. He has served as a numismatic consultant to the Smithsonian and has assisted with research, exhibits, conservation, and the National Numismatic Collection.

Official Resource

Learn more about Jeff Garrett, his numismatic career, publications, rare coin expertise, and work through Mid-American Rare Coin Galleries.

President of Professional Coin Grading Service

Stephanie Sabin is an American numismatist, collector, business executive, and President of Professional Coin Grading Service.

Her career with PCGS began in 2006 and has included responsibilities across dealer relations, international expansion, operations, finance, technology, logistics, strategic planning, and executive leadership.

She became interim President of PCGS in August 2021 and was named permanent President in October 2021.

A Lifelong Connection to Numismatics

Sabin’s connection to coins began during childhood.

She grew up in a family of numismatists and collectors and spent time at the coin shop where her father worked.

Those early experiences gave her exposure to:

• Rare coins

• Banknotes

• Coin dealers

• Collector culture

• Historical research

• The stories behind individual coins

Sabin has described numismatics as something that was part of everyday life while she was growing up.

Joining PCGS

Sabin joined PCGS in 2006 as a bulk dealer liaison.

The position required her to work directly with professional dealers while coordinating important operational responsibilities involving coin submissions and grading events.

Her early work included:

• Dealer relationships

• Bulk submissions

• International grading events

• Coin logistics

• Import and export coordination

• Customer service

• Movement of bullion and valuable coins

That experience gave Sabin a practical understanding of both the collector side and operational side of professional coin certification.

International Expansion

A major part of Sabin’s career has involved expanding PCGS internationally.

She was directly involved in the development and launch of PCGS operations in Europe and Asia, including offices and services associated with Paris, Shanghai, and Hong Kong.

In 2013, she oversaw the opening of the PCGS office in Shanghai and helped manage its operations.

Her international responsibilities eventually included:

• Europe

• China

• Hong Kong

• International grading events

• Dealer relationships

• Logistics

• Client services

• Business development

This work helped expand PCGS from a primarily United States-focused grading company into a major international numismatic brand.

Leadership at PCGS

Sabin continued advancing through increasingly senior positions.

Her roles included:

• Bulk Dealer Liaison

• International Operations Manager

• Chief of Staff

• Senior Director of International Operations

• Interim President

• President of PCGS

By 2019 and 2020, she was working closely with PCGS executive leadership on both day-to-day operations and long-term strategic projects.

Her responsibilities included areas such as:

• Corporate finances

• Investment opportunities

• Technology

• Analytics

• Logistics

• International operations

• Internal communications

• External communications